Karen Clay
Professor Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh PA
Karen Clay’s research examines the growth of the U.S. economy, including energy issues, air pollution, and the impact of climate change.
Biography
She holds courtesy appointments at the Tepper School of Business and in the Department of Engineering and Public Policy, is a Senior Fellow at the Scott Institute for Energy Innovation at Carnegie Mellon, is an affiliated faculty member at the University of Pittsburgh, School of Law, and is a research associate at the NBER.
Professor Clay's research has been supported by the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, and the Sloan Foundation. Her work has been published in the Journal of Political Economy, Review of Economics and Statistics, and American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings. Before coming to Carnegie Mellon, Karen Clay was an assistant professor at the University of Toronto.
Areas of Expertise
Media Appearances
Pittsburgh again receives ‘F’ for air quality in American Lung Association annual report
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette online
2025-04-23
Pittsburgh again receives an "F" for air quality in the American Lung Association annual report. "Pittsburgh, more than many places, has nontrivial industrial air pollution. Unfortunately, it’s been a long-running political issue," said Karen Clay (Heinz College).
US neighborhoods with more people of color suffer worse air pollution
The Guardian print
2023-03-08
"A 2021 study led by Karen Clay of Carnegie Mellon University suggested that factors including more frequent wildfires and an increase in the number of miles American vehicles travel have already begun to reverse the progress the US has made in cutting its air pollution."
In Illinois, a Model for a Just Transition From Coal to Solar
Earth Island Journal online
2022-11-14
Karen Clay, a professor of economics and public policy at Carnegie Mellon University, believes the shift from polluting power production to renewable energy was a long time coming. Like all economists, Clay also looks at the cost-benefit analysis. Although keeping fossil fuels might save jobs, “the jobs don’t come for free,” she says. The tradeoff is loss of life.
Keystone XL’s Death Sparks Rush to Ship Oil-Sands by Rail
Bloomberg online
2021-02-23
U.S. President Joe Biden’s decision to cancel the Keystone XL pipeline is sparking renewed interest in shipping Canadian oil-sands crude by rail, and that comes with its own environmental risks.
America’s Air Is Getting Worse: Here’s Why
Forbes online
2020-05-24
After decades of improving air quality, Carnegie Mellon researchers found that pollution levels are rising across America. A key driver has been the Trump Administration’s all-out assault on environmental regulations. Since taking office, Trump has eliminated or announced plans to eliminate nearly 100 different regulations.
As millions lose insurance, states cut Medicaid in response to the coronavirus crisis
Salon online
2020-05-16
Karen Clay, professor of economics and public policy at Carnegie Mellon University's Heinz College and the lead author of the study, told Salon that the cuts would impact Americans that are not on Medicaid as well.
Study: US air pollution deaths increased by 9,700 a year from 2016 to 2018
Vox online
2019-10-24
The researchers, Karen Clay and Nicholas Muller, argue that some of the increase is due to non-regulatory factors, like an increase in wildfires and economic growth. But they note a decline in Clean Air Act enforcement under Donald Trump that could be responsible as well.
Media
Social
Industry Expertise
Accomplishments
Lone Mountain Fellow
2019
PERC
Carnegie Mellon Leadership and Negotiation Academy for Women
2017-2018
sponsored by the Dean and the Provost
Award for Exceptional Service to the Journal of Economic History Editorial Board
2021
Education
University of Virginia
B.A.
Economics
1988
with Highest Honors
Stanford University
Ph.D.
Economics
1994
Affiliations
- Explorations in Economic History : Co-Editor
- National Bureau for Economic Research : Research Associate, Energy and Environmental Economics
Links
Event Appearances
Flexner Era Medical School Closures, Physician Markets, and Mortality in the United States
NBER Summer Institute
Air Lead and Infant Mortality
University of Oregon
The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and its Lessons for COVID-19
Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space
Research Grants
Air Pollution Externalities: Evidence from U.S. Electricity Generation over the Twentieth Century
NSF Grant
2016-2020
Air Pollution and Environmental Justice in Allegheny County
Heinz Foundation Grant
2020
Oil and Gas Leasing Behavior
Subcontract from Rand to University of Pittsburgh on NSF Grant
2016-2017
Articles
The Value of Health Insurance during a Crisis: Effects of Medicaid Implementation on Pandemic Influenza Mortalit
The Review of Economics and Statistics2022
This paper studies how better access to public health insurance affects infant mortality during pandemics. The analysis combines cross-state variation in mandated eligibility for Medicaid with two influenza pandemics that arrived shortly before and after the program's introduction in 1965.
Toxic Truth: Lead and Fertility
Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists2021
Using US county-level data on lead in air for 1978–88, this paper provides the first causal evidence on the effects of airborne lead exposure on the general fertility rate and the completed fertility rate in the broad population. Instrumental variable estimates show an increase in fertility implied by the average observed decrease in airborne lead of about 6% of mean fertility.
The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Its Lessons for COVID-19
Journal of Economic Literature2022
This article reviews the global health and economic consequences of the 1918 influenza pandemic, with a particular focus on topics that have seen a renewed interest because of COVID-19. We begin by providing an overview of key contextual and epidemiological details as well as the data that are available to researchers. We then examine the effects on mortality, fertility, and the economy in the short and medium run.
Laws, educational outcomes, and returns to schooling evidence from the first wave of U.S. state compulsory attendance laws
Labour Economics2021
The nineteenth and twentieth century saw two waves of state schooling laws. The first wave focused on children to age 14 and the second wave focused on high school. Using the full count 1940 census and a new coding of state laws, this paper provides new estimates of the effects of the first wave of laws.
Recent Increases in Air Pollution: Evidence and Implications for Mortality
Review of Environmental Economics and Policy2021
After declining by 27.4 percent from 2009 to 2016, annual average fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the United States in counties with monitors increased by 5.7 percent between 2016 and 2018. Increases occurred in multiple census regions and in counties that were in and out of attainment with National Ambient Air Quality Standards. This article explores channels through which the increase may have occurred, including increases in economic activity, increases in wildfires, and decreases in Clean Air Act enforcement actions.
