Sandra Ka Hon Chu

Director of Research and Advocacy Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network / Réseau juridique canadien VIH/sida

  • Toronto ON

Human rights advocate for people living with, affected by and vulnerable to HIV.

Contact

Biography

Sandra is the Director of Research and Advocacy at the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, where she first started working as a senior policy analyst in 2007.

At the Legal Network, Sandra works on HIV-related human rights issues concerning prisons, harm reduction, sex work, women, and immigration. She has authored numerous publications, including an innovative legislative resource on women’s rights in the context of HIV, a compendium of affidavits describing prisoners’ experiences with injection drug use behind bars and briefing papers on sex work, and HIV and the law in Canada and internationally. She has also led the Legal Network’s involvement in lawsuits challenging the Canadian government’s failure to adopt prison-based needle and syringe programs and criminal laws governing sex work.

Previously, she worked in The Hague for the Women’s Initiatives for Gender Justice, an international women’s human rights organization advocating for gender-inclusive justice before the International Criminal Court. Her broad international experience has also included assignments for development, human rights and UN agencies in Libya, Timor-Leste, Hong Kong and Vancouver.

Sandra holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology from the University of British Columbia, an LL.B. from the University of Toronto and an LL.M. from the Osgoode Hall Law School of York University. She was called to the bar of British Columbia in 2003.

Industry Expertise

Women
Judiciary

Areas of Expertise

HIV / AIDS
Prison health
Drug Policy
Harm Reduction
Sex Work and Prostitution Law
Immigration and HIV
HIV criminalization
Gender-based violence and HIV

Accomplishments

2016 Zenith Award Winner: Celebrating Diversity and Inclusion

2016-07-01

As Director of Research and Advocacy for the Canadian HIV/ AIDS Legal Network, Sandra Ka Hon Chu works to advance the rights of sex-trade workers, drug users and prisoners. Sandra’s work includes leading litigation against the Government of Canada for failing to provide needle and syringe programs in prisons.

Education

Osgoode Hall

Master of Laws

Law

2005

University of Toronto

LLB

Law

2002

University of British Columbia

BA

Sociology

1998

Affiliations

  • Board member, Mukomeze Foundation

Languages

  • English

Media Appearances

Why has the federal government rejected harm reduction in our prisons?

Ottawa Citizen  online

2017-01-24

More than four years ago, a lawsuit was filed by a former prisoner who contracted hepatitis C (HCV) while incarcerated in federal prison and four HIV organizations against the government of Canada. This lawsuit challenged the government’s failure to protect the health of people in prison by refusing to implement needle and syringe programs.

Prisoners, when they enter the system, are not stripped of their right to health care comparable to what is available in the community. This right is protected by law. The fact that the overwhelming majority of prisoners are released back into their communities is similarly not considered; prisoner health is public health. And while the idea of equipping people in prison with sterile injection equipment may seem radical, these programs are a proven health measure that is integral to HIV and hepatitis C prevention for people who inject drugs behind bars, where rates of both infections are significantly higher than in the population as a whole.

Prison-based needle and syringe programs have also been endorsed by many organizations, including the Canadian Public Health Association, the Canadian Nurses Association, Canadian and Ontario Medical Associations, and the Correctional Investigator of Canada. The World Health Organization and the UN Office on Drugs and Crime concur. Both the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Correctional Service of Canada’s own expert committee also concluded that the evidence points in one direction: implementing such programs to prevent avoidable infections and save lives.

Another fact: Canada’s Correctional Service has a “zero tolerance” policy for drugs in prison, a policy that is as unrealistic and unenforceable as one might imagine. Drugs — and the makeshift injection equipment required to use them — exist in prisons, and there is nothing special about Canadian prisons in that regard.

But Canada’s Correctional Service refuses to implement needle and syringe programs on the basis that they “compromise institutional security and the safety of staff and inmates.” Their concerns have no basis in reality. These programs have been successfully implemented in 70 prisons in more than a dozen countries around the world for more than two decades. There has never been a single reported incident in which needles from such programs have been used as weapons against guards or other prisoners, nor do studies of such programs indicate any increase in drug use. Rather, these programs create a safer en

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Hold the Human Rights Day celebrations Canada has some serious work to do on women’s human rights, according to a historic and scathing new report from the UN

Toronto Star  online

2016-12-09

Despite our (thankfully) feminist prime minister, Canada has some serious work to do on women’s human rights, according to a historic and scathing new report from the United Nations. As the international community observes Human Rights Day on Dec. 10, which also marks the end of the 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence, Canada’s position as a global leader on gender equality is now under serious scrutiny.

The UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has published its review of Canada’s compliance with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The report-back is both momentous and bleak.

The recommendations to Canada are surprising in their scope and level of detail, as well as how forceful and unequivocal the UN is in setting out how we can and must move forward. Women’s right to health was front and centre, especially for some of the most marginalized women in the country, including women living with HIV, women who use drugs, women in prison, and women who sell or trade sex.

To the women who feel invisible, threatened and discriminated against on a daily basis, or who face unjust forms of criminalization, this UN report must come as little surprise. But fortunately for our federal government, these recommendations provide an opportunity to reverse some of the harms that have been done and restore the rights of all women in Canada. It’s time for the government to listen up — and Human Rights Day is as good a day as any to move forward on behalf of more than half our population.

For the first time, a UN human rights treaty body has directly called attention to the issue of unjust prosecutions of people living with HIV for not disclosing their status in Canada. The Committee said that Canada should limit the use of the criminal law to cases where HIV is intentionally transmitted. The crime we’ve seen applied many times in HIV cases — aggravated sexual assault — is harsh, inappropriate and stigmatizing, and undermines the actual intent of the law, namely to protect survivors of sexual violence.

On World AIDS Day (Dec. 1), after the UN issued its report, Canada’s Minister of Justice, Jody Wilson-Raybould, said the government would work to address the overly broad use of the criminal law against people living with HIV. This momentum cannot be lost.

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'That's criminal to me': How Canada is failing to end HIV/AIDS at home

CBC  online

2016-08-22

Two studies released last month show the tools exist to potentially end the more than three-decades-old scourge of HIV/AIDS, but activists and front-line public health workers in Canada say we simply aren't using them effectively.

...

High-profile figures in the global fight against HIV/AIDS, including Bill Gates at last month's World AIDS Conference in Durban, South Africa, have suggested talk of "the end of AIDS" is perhaps premature given its continued spread in much of the developing world, particularly Africa.

Such talk also seems premature in Canada.

Edward says there are two major problems in Canada that deny the promise described in the two studies.

First, there remains a powerful stigma around HIV that discourages people from getting tested.

The second problem is Truvada, approved as a pre-exposure prophylaxis or PrEP, is very expensive, up to $1,000 a month, and isn't widely available to those who don't have generous private insurance plans.

The PARTNER study looked at couples where only one partner had HIV but with a viral load suppressed by medication. Out of nearly 60,000 condomless sex acts, not a single HIV transmission occurred.

But HIV infection rates in Canada remain relatively steady, with an estimated 2,500-3,500 new transmissions every year, in part because one in five HIV-positive Canadians don't even know they have the virus, and so they aren't receiving the treatment that will keep them healthy and prevent further spread.

Activists argue stigma is a big reason why so many Canadians don't get tested, and it's fuelled by the fact that our laws criminalize the non-disclosure of one's HIV-positive status, even if no transmission occurs and despite the latest evidence that shows viral suppression makes it virtually impossible to transmit the virus.

Sandra Ka Hon Chu, director of research and advocacy with the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network (CHALN), says criminal sanctions of HIV-positive people encourage the spread of the virus.

"People who might not know their status won't get tested because you would have the knowledge of your HIV status, which is a requirement of a conviction," she says. "That then deters open discussions with health-care providers and creates a lot of stigma that prevents people from getting on ART."

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Event Appearances

On Point: making prison needle and syringe programs work in Canada

On Point: making prison needle and syringe programs work in Canada  Toronto

2014-01-23

Evaluating Advocacy

Nonprofit Driven 2016  Toronto

2016-10-20

Articles

Sex Work Law Reform in Canada: Considering problems with the Nordic model

Alberta Law Review

2013-10-01

The Nordic model is a piece of legislation, passed
in Sweden in 1999, which criminalizes the purchase of
sex. In Canada, exchanging sex for money is not
illegal, but virtually every activity associated with
prostitution is. Following the Ontario Court of
Appeal’s decision in Bedford v. Canada, the question
of what type of legislation is most appropriate with
respect to prostitution has become even more
important. This article begins by evaluating the degree
of success (or lack thereof) of the Nordic model. The
article then goes on to determine whether legislation
similar to the Nordic model would be constitutional if
adopted in Canada.

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TRAGEDY AND TRIUMPH: RWANDAN WOMEN’S RESILIENCE IN THE FACE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Amsterdam Law Forum

2011-09-01

When we first met Jeanette Uwimana in Rwanda almost three years ago she was living day to day, having been widowed by the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Although she received care and support from Solace Ministries, a Rwandan grassroots organisation run by genocide survivors, she continued to experience physical and psychological trauma resulting from her brutal experiences of sexual violence during the genocide. At the same time, Jeanette, whose formal education was disrupted during the genocide, struggled to support her
children. Her prospects were bleak but she told us that she dreamed of one day running her own business.

Sadly, Jeanette’s story is not unusual. More than seventeen years ago, an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 women in Rwanda were raped during a genocide that also saw the murder of about one million people. An estimated seventy percent of women who survived rape were infected with HIV—sometimes deliberately. Many of those women were abandoned by their husbands and
isolated by their communities. In spite of the many pressing and ongoing needs of survivors of sexual violence, inadequate attention has been paid to them. The prosecution of rape, both internationally and nationally, has rarely been a priority, while a government-administered fund in Rwanda to compensate genocide survivors is overburdened and does not specifically provide for survivors of sexual violence.

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