Research Matters: Targeting ‘jumping genes’ holds promise for treating age-related diseases
A growing number of clinical trials gauging the effects of inhibiting transposons, so-called “jumping genes,” have yielded encouraging results for treating Alzheimer’s and a wide range of other conditions.
Vera Gorbunova, a molecular biologist at the University of Rochester whose research on the causes of aging and cancer is widely regarded as pioneering, says researchers tackling aging “need something new, and inhibiting transposons shows great promise.”
Gorbunova’s comments were recently featured in Science magazine, a leading news outlet for
cutting-edge research in all areas of science.
Researchers say clinical trials of transposon inhibitors are important not just to identify potential treatments, but also to test whether jumping genes do, in fact, drive human diseases, as many suspect.
Transposon genes are found in a diverse variety of organisms, from miniscule bacteria to humans, and they are known in biological terms as “transposable elements” because they literally jump around the genome. Their vagrancy has been implicated in illnesses such as lupus, Parkinson’s disease, cancer, and aging.
Gorbunova is a recognized expert in aging and cancer whose research has been featured in high-profile publications ranging from Nature to The New York Times. Reach out to Gorbunova by clicking on her profile.
Gorbunova’s research interests include cancer, genomic instability, and the mechanisms and comparative biology of aging. She is the co-director of the Rochester Aging Research Center, where she co-directs the Gorbunova and Seluanov laboratory, and she has recently been studying the mechanisms of longevity and genomic stability in exceptionally long-lived mammals, with a particular focus on the naked mole rat and the blind mole rat, both of which are known for their resistance to cancer and virtually all age-related ailments. She found that a key factor in the cancer resistance of naked mole rats is high molecular-weight hyaluronan, a molecule that is present in humans as well, although in a different form, and is used in the treatment of certain age-related conditions, such as arthritis. Gorbunova is the recipient of several awards, including from the National Institutes of Health and the American Federation for Aging Research among many others, and she sits on the editorial boards of Frontiers in Genetics, Genetics of Aging, Aging, Pathobiology of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Aging Cell, and Oncotarget: Gerotarget.
Education
University of St. Petersburg
B.S.
Weizmann Institute of Science
PhD
Selected Media Appearances
6 of the Longest‑Living Creatures on Earth
History Channel online
2024-12-04
1. Naked Mole Rat (30 years) “Naked mole rats are quite remarkable,” says biologist Vera Gorbunova, co-director of the University of Rochester Aging Research Center. “They live underground in very safe environments so they evolved this very slow aging process. Because nobody kills them, they can benefit from living longer.”
The longest-living vertebrate could offer clues to extending the human lifespan, scientists say
CNN online
2024-12-13
The longest-living vertebrate could offer clues to extending the human lifespan, scientists say “Evolution doesn’t always choose the same path. So if, let’s say, the goal is to have better DNA repair, but it can be achieved by multiple mechanisms, and the mechanisms are different in mole rats and whales and sharks, we need to learn about all of them and then see which ones we can maybe more easily adapt for human use,” said Dr. Vera Gorbunova, a professor of medicine and biology at the University of Rochester in New York and the lead author of a 2023 study that used transferred naked mole rat genes to extend the lifespan of mice. Gorbunova was not involved in the Greenland shark research.
“Once researchers understand the mechanism … then we can see if we can design a specific drug to target this genome enzyme in this way,” she added. “You can dream about gene therapy, maybe we can give people a gene from Greenland shark, but that may be more science-fiction type of approach, but something more readily translatable would be, well, maybe we can design a drug that targets (a) human gene and makes it work a little bit more like that of a Greenland shark. And that would … improve DNA repair in humans.”
Blocking ‘Jumping Genes’ Could Drastically Increase Our Lifespan, New Research Shows
Popular Mechanics print
2023-10-31
Now, the race is on to understand exactly how transposons accelerate aging. Scientists have observed at least some groups of transposons activating the innate immune system, which leads to increased inflammation—a known driver of aging. According to Vera Gorbunova, a biology professor at the University of Rochester, there is a term to describe this phenomenon called “inflammaging.”
In 2019, Gorbunova and her colleague Sedivy published two papers demonstrating this link. In the first paper, they found that during cellular senescence (the aging of cells), certain transposons, like LINE-1, become active and trigger an interferon response. This response plays a role in the secretion of factors that contribute to aging-related inflammation. In the second paper, they showed that inhibiting the replication of LINE-1 transposons improved the health and lifespan of aged mice. This research adds to the evidence that controlling the activity of transposons may offer a way to mitigate age-related health issues by reducing chronic inflammation.
Researchers say they are a step further in the effort to extend the human lifespan
CBS News Radio radio
2023-09-19
Transferring a longevity gene from naked mole rats to mice has the mice exhibiting less inflammation. Researchers next step, transfer the benefit to humans.
"With aging everybody experiences inflammation which may be one of the important drivers of disease in old age." University of Rochester biologist Dr. Vera Gorbunova on the end game. "If people get a few extra years, that's a very nice benefit, but primarily we're looking for improving health."
Can aging be cured? Scientists are giving it a try
National Geographic print
2022-12-28
Vera Gorbunova and Andrei Seluanov, who are married and both biologists at the University of Rochester, study naked mole rats in hopes of stealing their longevity adaptations for us.
Researchers at the University of Rochester have uncovered more evidence that the key to longevity resides instead in a gene, a Rael-Science post says. Explorers for centuries have however, dreamt of a Fountain of Youth, with healing waters that rejuvenate the old and extend life indefinitely.
In a new paper published in the journal Cell, the researchers—including Vera Gorbunova and Andrei Seluanov, professors of biology; Dirk Bohmann, professor of biomedical genetics; and their team of students and postdoctoral researchers—found that the gene sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) is responsible for more efficient DNA repair in species with longer lifespans.
'LONGEVITY GENE' THAT HELPS REPAIR DNA AND EXTEND LIFE SPAN COULD ONE DAY PREVENT AGE-RELATED DISEASES IN HUMANS
Newsweek online
2019-04-23
Scientists studying longevity believe a gene could explain why some animals live longer. In 18 species of rodents with varying life spans, researchers looked at sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), a gene that plays a role in bodily processes such as aging, cellular stress resistance and DNA repair.
Vera Gorbunova, a professor of Biology at the University of Rochester, explained in a statement that the team pinpointed five amino acids that appear to make the SIRT6 protein stronger and "more active in repairing DNA and better at enzyme functions."
A team from the from the University of Rochester, including Vera Gorbunova, PhD, and Andrei Seluanov, PhD, demonstrated that LINE1 retrotransposons become more active with age and may cause age-related diseases by triggering inflammation. By understanding the impacts of retrotransposons, researchers can better recognize the processes by which cells age and how to combat the deleterious effects of aging, according to Gorbunova and Seluanov.
Cancer was responsible for an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Finding new ways to combat it is an important endeavour. Scientists are making advances through a variety of research methods; here, five individuals share how they’ve built careers in cancer research while taking innovative approaches to this problem.
VERA GORBUNOVA: Stay open-minded Comparative biologist at the University of Rochester in New York.
The naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) is a remarkable creature in more ways than one. With its large, goofy incisors and waves of pale pink wrinkles, it is unlikely to win any beauty pageants. But the naked mole rat does have some things going for it. It can live for more than 30 years. And it almost never gets cancer.
Elephants rarely get cancer. Here's why this matters to humans
CNN online
2018-08-15
Experts say there are many steps before findings like Lynch's are tested or used toward human cancer therapies. One of those steps could involve inserting elephant genes into lab mice, which do not have the same resistance to cancer, according to Vera Gorbunova, a professor of biology at the University of Rochester and co-director of the Rochester Aging Research Center. She was not involved in the new study.
Why is cancer so rare in elephants? They might thank their 'zombie gene'
Los Angeles Times print
2018-08-15
In addition to having great memories, elephants are known for having a very low incidence of cancer. In what might seem a wild mash-up of the SyFi channel and National Geographic, new research has uncovered a surprising factor that protects elephants against the dreaded disease: a gene that had gone dormant in their mammalian ancestors, but got turned back on as their evolving bodies grew ever bigger.
Scientists call it a “zombie gene” — cue the chilling music here — “a reanimated pseudogene that kills cells when expressed.”
Along with elephants, several kinds of whales as well as bats and the naked mole rat share enviably minuscule rates of cancer. Biologists suspect that each of those species has evolved a different strategy to ward off malignancies, and they want to understand them all. In time, they might find ways to approximate those strategies in humans and drive down our vulnerability to cancer.
“That's not easy,” said Vincent J. Lynch, who led the research published this week in the journal Cell Reports.
“It's a fascinating study,” said molecular and cell biologist Vera Gorbunova of the University of Rochester in New York, who has studied the mechanisms by which naked mole rats thwart cancerous cells.
The collective research of Lynch's group “also raises intriguing questions,” said Gorbunova, who was not involved in the new work.
What Naked Mole Rats Tell Us About Cancer and Longevity
Next Avenue online
2018-07-27
When scientist Vera Gorbunova began studying longevity and DNA repair almost two decades ago, she noticed that most research in the field was being done on short-lived organisms, ranging from yeast and worms up to mice. However, she wanted to understand the biological mechanisms that enabled longer-living species, such as naked mole rats, to live cancer-free for up to 30 years — 10 times longer than mice.
Key to the cure cancer-resistant animals may offer clues into treatment, prevention
The Washington Post print
2018-07-28
Elephants have 100 times as many cells as humans. But they seldom get cancer. This is surprising, because cancer is a result of cell division gone wrong, and the more cells an organism has, the higher the chances that some will mutate into tumours. Also, because elephants live so long — between 60 and 70 years — their cells have more opportunities to mutate.
The strange cellular secret behind naked mole rats' anti-aging abilities
New Atlas online
2018-02-08
We can learn a lot from the naked mole rat. By defying the biological laws of aging, these hardy little rodents can live into their 30s, they're all but immune to cancer, and they can go without oxygen for extended periods by mimicking plants. Researchers at the University of Rochester had a theory on how they manage to live such long lives: perhaps their cells didn't undergo the process of senescence. But when they looked at the cells of naked mole rats, they found the story is much stranger.
Cancer is essentially just a collection of unruly cells that keep dividing out of control. To keep them in check, humans and other organisms have evolved a defense mechanism known as cellular senescence, which stops damaged cells from dividing any further. But the flipside is that as these inactive, senescent cells build up in the body, they contribute to the physical deterioration we see as products of aging.
"In humans, as in mice, aging and cancer have competing interests," says Vera Gorbunova, co-author of the new study. "In order to prevent cancer, you need to stop cells from dividing. However, to prevent aging, you want to keep cells dividing in order to replenish tissues."
L1 drives IFN in senescent cells and promotes age-associated inflammation
Nature
Marco De Cecco, Takahiro Ito, Anna P. Petrashen, Amy E. Elias, Nicholas J. Skvir, Steven W. Criscione, Alberto Caligiana, Greta Brocculi, Emily M. Adney, Jef D. Boeke, Oanh Le, Christian Beauséjour, Jayakrishna Ambati, Kameshwari Ambati, Matthew Simon, Andrei Seluanov, Vera Gorbunova, P. Eline Slagboom, Stephen L. Helfand, Nicola Neretti & John M. Sedivy
2019-02-06
Retrotransposable elements are deleterious at many levels, and the failure of host surveillance systems for these elements can thus have negative consequences. However, the contribution of retrotransposon activity to ageing and age-associated diseases is not known. Here we show that during cellular senescence, L1 (also known as LINE-1) retrotransposable elements become transcriptionally derepressed and activate a type-I interferon (IFN-I) response. The IFN-I response is a phenotype of late senescence and contributes to the maintenance of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. The IFN-I response is triggered by cytoplasmic L1 cDNA, and is antagonized by inhibitors of the L1 reverse transcriptase. Treatment of aged mice with the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor lamivudine downregulated IFN-I activation and age-associated inflammation (inflammaging) in several tissues. We propose that the activation of retrotransposons is an important component of sterile inflammation that is a hallmark of ageing, and that L1 reverse transcriptase is a relevant target for the treatment of age-associated disorders.
Mechanisms of cancer resistance in long-lived mammals
Nature Reviews
Andrei Seluanov, Vadim N. Gladyshev, Jan Vijg & Vera Gorbunova
2018-04-05
Cancer researchers have traditionally used the mouse and the rat as staple model organisms. These animals are very short-lived, reproduce rapidly and are highly prone to cancer. They have been very useful for modelling some human cancer types and testing experimental treatments; however, these cancer-prone species offer little for understanding the mechanisms of cancer resistance. Recent technological advances have expanded bestiary research to non-standard model organisms that possess unique traits of very high value to humans, such as cancer resistance and longevity. In recent years, several discoveries have been made in non-standard mammalian species, providing new insights on the natural mechanisms of cancer resistance. These include mechanisms of cancer resistance in the naked mole rat, blind mole rat and elephant. In each of these species, evolution took a different path, leading to novel mechanisms. Many other long-lived mammalian species display cancer resistance, including whales, grey squirrels, microbats, cows and horses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of cancer resistance in all these species is important and timely, as, ultimately, these mechanisms could be harnessed for the development of human cancer therapies.
Naked mole rats can undergo developmental, oncogene-induced and DNA damage-induced cellular senescence
PNAS
Yang Zhao, Alexander Tyshkovskiy, Daniel Muñoz-Espín, Xiao Tian, Manuel Serrano, Joao Pedro de Magalhaes, Eviatar Nevo, Vadim N. Gladyshev, Andrei Seluanov, and Vera Gorbunova
2018-02-20
The naked mole rat (NMR) is the longest-lived rodent with a maximum life span of over 30 years. Furthermore, NMRs are resistant to a variety of age-related diseases and remain fit and active until very advanced ages. The process of cellular senescence has evolved as an anticancer mechanism; however, it also contributes to aging and age-related pathologies. Here, we characterize cellular senescence in the NMR. We find that naked mole rat cells undergo three major types of cellular senescence: developmental, oncogene-induced, and DNA damage-induced. Senescent NMR cells displayed many common features with senescent mouse cells, including activation of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype. These results demonstrate that the NMR retains the major types of cellular senescence responses despite its exceptional longevity.
Evolution of telomere maintenance and tumour suppressor mechanisms across mammals
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Xiao Tian , Katherine Doerig , Rosa Park , Alice Can Ran Qin , Chaewon Hwang , Alexander Neary , Michael Gilbert , Andrei Seluanov , and Vera Gorbunova
2018-01-15
Mammalian species differ dramatically in telomere biology. Species larger than 5–10 kg repress somatic telomerase activity and have shorter telomeres, leading to replicative senescence. It has been proposed that evolution of replicative senescence in large-bodied species is an anti-tumour mechanism counteracting increased risk of cancer due to increased cell numbers. By contrast, small-bodied species express high telomerase activity and have longer telomeres. To counteract cancer risk due to longer lifespan, long-lived small-bodied species evolved additional telomere-independent tumour suppressor mechanisms. Here, we tested the connection between telomere biology and tumorigenesis by analysing the propensity of fibroblasts from 18 rodent species to form tumours. We found a negative correlation between species lifespan and anchorage-independent growth. Small-bodied species required inactivation of Rb and/or p53 and expression of oncogenic H-Ras to form tumours. Large-bodied species displayed a continuum of phenotypes requiring additional genetic ‘hits’ for malignant transformation. Based on these data we refine the model of the evolution of tumour suppressor mechanisms and telomeres. We propose that two different strategies evolved in small and large species because small-bodied species cannot tolerate small tumours that form prior to activation of the telomere barrier, and must instead use telomere-independent strategies that act earlier, at the hyperplasia stage.
