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Hong Zhao, Ph.D.

Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering VCU College of Engineering

  • Biotech One, Suite 1085, Richmond VA

Specializing in solid-liquid interactions, self-assembly of colloidal nano particles, and development of various printing processes

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Spotlight

5 min

The National Academy of Inventors (NAI) recently inducted five Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) College of Engineering researchers as senior members. Chosen for their innovative engineering contributions, the honorees are recognized as visionary inventors whose groundbreaking research and patented technologies are driving meaningful societal and economic advancements across the national innovation landscape. “Invention represents the practical application of knowledge and stands as one of the many ways engineers can make a positive impact on their communities and the world,” said Azim Eskandarian, D.Sc, the Alice T. and William H. Goodwin Jr. Dean of the VCU College of Engineering. “This year’s honorees exemplify the interdisciplinary nature of our field, leveraging advanced concepts from mechanical, biomedical, chemical and pharmaceutical engineering to address today’s most pressing challenges. We are immensely proud that our dedicated researchers have earned recognition as members of the esteemed National Academy of Inventors.” The VCU College of Engineering NAI inductees are: Jayasimha Atulasimha, Ph.D. Engineering Foundation Professor Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering An internationally recognized pioneer of straintronics, an approach to electrically control magnetism for ultra-low-energy computing, Atulasimha has made significant research contributions to next-generation memory, neuromorphic hardware and emerging quantum computing technologies. He holds four U.S. patents spanning energy-efficient magnetic memory, nanoscale computing architectures and medical tools. Atulasimha’s commercially viable inventions are funded by organizations like the Virginia Innovation Partnership Corporation and he leads multi-institutional collaborations that drive innovation in computing hardware, AI and quantum technologies with more than $10 million in funded research. Casey Grey, Ph.D. Postdoctoral Research Associate Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering Bridging engineering and medicine, Grey’s work spans life‑saving stroke technologies, breakthrough respiratory and neurological care, and sustainable packaging. As a lead R&D scientist at WestRock, he helped create and commercialize the CanCollar® portfolio, a recyclable paperboard replacement for plastic beverage rings now used on five continents, eliminating thousands of tons of single‑use plastic annually. In medical device innovation, Grey’s patent and development work on a novel cyclic aspiration thrombectomy platform, currently in clinical trials, is advancing stroke treatment by enhancing clot removal efficiency and reducing long‑term disability. At the VCU College of engineering, Grey built a research and commercialization pipeline around neurological and respiratory technologies, securing eight provisional patents and leading multidisciplinary teams in neurology, neurosurgery, surgery, pharmacology and toxicology, internal medicine, and respiratory medicine. His work includes developing dry powder inhaler strategies for delivering life‑saving drugs to patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a pediatric bubble CPAP system designed to protect brain development in premature infants, and non‑invasive, non‑pharmacological 40 Hz neuromodulation therapies to treat neurodegeneration and conditions with significant central nervous system complications, like sickle cell disease. In collaborations with the VCU Children’s Hospital and VCU Critical Care Hospital, Grey is leading two clinical studies that are translating these innovations to improve patient care. Ravi Hadimani, Ph.D. Associate Professor and Director of Biomagnetics Laboratory Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering Hadimani founded RAM Phantoms LLC, a VCU startup company, commercializing anatomically accurate, MRI-derived brain phantoms for neuromodulation and neuroimaging applications. These brain phantoms help test and tune transcranial magnetic and deep brain stimulation technologies, improving clinical safety and enabling personalized therapy for patients. RAM Phantoms is also developing a highly-skilled workforce for employment in Virginia’s growing biomedical device industry. Beyond commercialization, Hadimani maintains a productive research program with more than $4.5 million in funding resulting in 125 original peer-reviewed publications, 17 current and pending patents, a book, and several book chapters. His biomagnetics lab serves as a training ground for undergraduate, graduate and Ph.D. students to hone their skills in innovation management, intellectual property strategy and startup development. Several students from Hadimani’s lab have engaged in translational research, patent co-authorship and start-up formation, cultivating a new generation of engineer-entrepreneurs equipped to drive future technological advances. Before joining VCU, Hadimani led the development of hybrid piezoelectric–photovoltaic materials that established FiberLec Inc., which commercialized multifunctional energy-harvesting fibers capable of converting solar, wind and vibrational energy into usable electricity. Worth Longest, Ph.D. Alice T. and William H. Goodwin, Jr. Distinguished Chair Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering Uniting aerosol science, biomedical engineering and computational modeling, Longest is revolutionizing inhaled drug delivery. Working with collaborators, his lab has developed novel devices, formulations and delivery platforms that precisely target medications to the lungs, addressing conditions like cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. These innovations have resulted in multiple patents. Some of them have been licensed through commercial partnerships like Quench Medical, an organization advancing inhaled therapies for applications like lung cancer. Collaborating with the Gates Foundation and the lab of Michael Hindle, Ph.D., from the VCU Department of Pharmaceutics, Longest’s team developed a low-cost, high-efficacy aerosol surfactant therapy for pre-term infants based entirely on technology developed at VCU. The invention eliminates intubation, reduces dosage by a factor of 10, and cuts treatment costs. Over 9 million infant lives are projected to be saved by this technology between 2030 and 2050. Through a long-term collaboration with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Longest’s in vitro and computational methods provide federal regulatory guidance for generic inhaled medications. The VCU mouth-throat airway models developed under his leadership are used globally across the pharmaceutical industry and in government laboratories. Hong Zhao, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering Zhao holds 40 patents with innovations spanning additive manufacturing, stretchable electronics, inkjet printing technologies and superoleophobic materials that repel oils, greases, and low-surface-tension liquids. Her research has applications across health care, sustainable energy and advanced manufacturing. Prior to joining the College of Engineering, Zhao served as a senior research scientist and project leader at the Xerox Research Center, where she developed high-performance materials and printing technologies for commercial deployment. Her industry experience makes Zhao’s lab a hub for innovation and mentorship, with students engaging in innovative research and co-authoring publications. Zhao is an invited reviewer for more than 50 premier journals and grant agencies. “Working with distinguished researchers and innovators like those inducted into the National Academy of Inventors is a great honor for me,” said Arvind Agarwal, Ph.D., chair of the Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering and NAI fellow. “They are an inspiration and showcase the kind of impact engineers can make. Having all five of these innovators as part of our department amplifies the scientific richness of our college and its societal impact. They advance the college’s mission of Engineering for Humanity, with research that brings a positive change to our world.” The 2026 NAI class of senior members, composed of 231 emerging inventors from NAI’s member institutions, is the largest to date. Hailing from 82 NAI member institutions across the globe, they hold over 2,000 U.S. patents.

Hong Zhao, Ph.D.Jayasimha Atulasimha, Ph.D.Ravi HadimaniWorth Longest, Ph.D.

Media

Industry Expertise

Research
Education/Learning
Mechanical/Industrial Engineering

Areas of Expertise

Additive Manufacturing/3d Printing
Printed functional devices
Transport and self-assembly of colloidal nanoparticles
Surface science and surface engineering

Accomplishments

Xerox Achievement Award

2012

Education

Petroleum University

B.S.

Mechanical Engineering

1996

Petroleum University

M.S.

Mechanical Engineering

2001

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

Ph.D.

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

2007

Media Appearances

Self‐Assembly of Colloidal Nanoparticles in Printing Processes: Interview with Hong Zhao

Advanced Science News  online

2019-04-12

Zhao’s current research focuses on discovering and understanding new self-assembly mechanisms of colloidal particles.

Zhao pursues the approach of forming well-ordered monolayer structures by assembling colloidal particles at the air–liquid interface, creating a new paradigm in generating coatings and functional devices through inkjet printing.

What drives Zhao to work hard and to strive for excellence in each of the roles that she takes is her sense of responsibility.

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Selected Articles

Mask-assisted electrospray for superoleophobic surfaces: An experimental and numerical study

Surface & Coatings Technology

2017

This paper presents both experimental work and numerical simulations of formation of superoleophobic surfaces created by mask-assisted electrospraying, followed by a second layer overlay and fluoropolymer treatment. The primary electric field focusing in the mask-assisted electrospray effectively guides the electrosprayed particulates into the mesh openings, forming characteristic pyramid-shaped pillars. The secondary focusing occurs during the overlay deposition when the electrosprayed particulates favorably deposit onto the pre-patterned pillars. Systematic studies were conducted on the effects of mask-substrate-gap and duration of the overlay deposition on the pattern morphology and wetting performance. A shorter mask-substrate-gap results in a stronger focusing
effect and pillars with a larger aspect ratio. The overlay deposition firstly increases the pillar height and then changes the pillar shape from pyramids to domes with overhangs due to electrostatic interactions. All the surfaces are superhydrophobic, however, superoleophobicity varies. Surfaces that have tall pillars and overhang structures demonstrate robust superoleophobicity when compared to their counterparts with shorter pillars and absence of overhang structures. The primary and secondary electric field focusing effects exerted by the mask and the pre-patterned pillars, and their roles in pattern formation have been numerically investigated by COMSOL Multiphysics simulation. A reasonable agreement has been obtained between the numerical predictions and experimental results.

Pinning and wetting stability of liquids on superoleophobic textured surfaces

Surface Innovations

2014

Super water/oil repellency has been a very active research field and could be achieved via combination of surface texturing and chemical treatment. When a droplet is deposited on a superhydrophobic/superoleophobic surface, its contact line can be pinned somewhere on the structured surface instead of fully wetting the substrate, forming a solid-liquid-air composite interface. The focus of this article is to understand the effect of pinning and wetting stability through energy analysis and force balance. Textured surfaces with straight sidewall pillar, wavy sidewall pillar and hoodoo structures are discussed in detail. For the straight sidewall structure, it was found that the top pillar edge is a stable pinning site for water. Meanwhile, hexadecane fully wets the structure without any pinning. On the wavy sidewall structure, the protruding and concave corners are pinning sites for both water and hexadecane. However, the dominant breakthrough pressure comes from the energy barrier against contact line advancing along the re-entrant slope of the wave. On the hoodoo structure, there are two pinning sites (top and bottom corner of the hoodoo cap) for water, but only one pinning site (bottom corner) for hexadecane. The effects of solid area fraction and re-entrant angles on pinning stability are studied with the wavy sidewall structure. This study suggests that Gibbs energy analysis can be a viable approach in designing robust superoleophobic surfaces by enhancing the pinning stability and breakthrough pressure, which is strongly correlated to design parameters, for example solid area fraction, geometrical re-entrant angle and dimensions. This article contains supporting information that is available online.

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Effect of Surface Texturing on Superoleophobicity, Contact Angle Hysteresis, and Robustness

Langmuir

2012

Previously, we reported the creation of a fluorosilane (FOTS) modified pillar array silicon surface comprising ∼3-μm-diameter pillars (6 μm pitch with ∼7 μm height) that is both superhydrophobic and superoleophobic, with water and hexadecane contact angles exceeding 150° and sliding angles at ∼10° owing to the surface fluorination and the re-entrant structure in the side wall of the pillar. In this work, the effects of surface texturing (pillar size, spacing, and height) on wettability, contact angle hysteresis, and “robustness” are investigated. We study the static, advancing, and receding contact angles, as well as the sliding angles as a function of the solid area fraction. The results reveal that pillar size and pillar spacing have very little effect on the static and advancing contact angles, as they are found to be insensitive to the solid area fraction from 0.04 to ∼0.4 as the pillar diameter varies from 1 to 5 μm and the center-to-center spacing varies from 4.5 to 12 μm. On the other hand, sliding angle, receding contact angle, and contact angle hysteresis are found to be dependent on the solid area fraction. Specifically, receding contact angle decreases and sliding angle and hysteresis increase as the solid area fraction increases. This effect can be attributable to the increase in pinning as the solid area fraction increases. Surface Evolver modeling shows that water wets and pins the pillar surface whereas hexadecane wets the pillar surface and then penetrates into the side wall of the pillar with the contact line pinning underneath the re-entrant structure. Due to the penetration of the hexadecane drop into the pillar structure, the effect on the receding contact angle and hysteresis is larger relative to that of water. This interpretation is supported by studying a series of FOTS pillar array surfaces with varying overhang thickness. With the water drop, the contact line is pinned on the pillar surface and very little overhang thickness effect was observed. On the other hand, the hexadecane drop is shown to wet the pillar surface and the side wall of the overhang. It then pins at the lower edge of the overhang structure. A plot of the thickness of the overhang as a function of the static, advancing, and receding contact angles and sliding angle of hexadecane reveals that static, advancing, and receding contact angles decrease and sliding angle increases as the thickness of the overhang increases.

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