Sarah Igo
Andrew Jackson Chair in American History; Professor of Law; Professor of Political Science; Professor of Sociology; Director, American Studies Program | Vanderbilt University
Nashville, TN, UNITED STATES
Expert in the history of American privacy, social security, big data, survey data and the public sphere.
Multimedia
Publications:
Documents:
Videos:
Audio/Podcasts:
Biography
Sarah Igo's primary research interests are in modern American cultural, intellectual, legal and political history, the history of the human sciences, the sociology of knowledge, and the history of the public sphere.
Her most recent book, The Known Citizen: A History of Privacy in Modern America (Harvard University Press, 2018), traces U.S. debates over privacy beginning with “instantaneous photography” in the late nineteenth century and culminating in our present dilemmas over social media and big data. Winner of the Jacques Barzun Prize in Cultural History and the Merle Curti Award for Intellectual History, The Known Citizen was also named one of the Washington Post's “notable non-fiction books” of 2018.
Igo's first book, The Averaged American: Surveys, Citizens, and the Making of a Mass Public (Harvard University Press, 2007), explores the relationship between survey data—opinion polls, sex surveys, consumer research—and modern understandings of self and nation. An Editor’s Choice selection of the New York Times and one of Slate’s Best Books of 2007, The Averaged American was the winner of the President's Book Award of the Social Science History Association and the Cheiron Book Prize as well as a finalist for the C. Wright Mills Award of the American Sociological Association. Igo is also a co-author of Bedford/St. Martin’s American history textbook, The American Promise.
Areas of Expertise (11)
Modern U.S. History
History of the Public Sphere
History of the Human Sciences
History of Survey Research
Opinion Poll
Sociology of Knowledge
Big Data
Cultural History
Social Security
Privacy
Social Media
Accomplishments (2)
2019 Merle Curti Award for Intellectual History (professional)
for The Known Citizen
President's Book Award (professional)
Social Science History Association, for The Averaged American
Education (3)
Princeton University: Ph.D. 2001
Princeton University: M.A.
Harvard University: A.B.
Affiliations (2)
- Social Science Research Council Working Group : Member
- National Young Faculty Leaders Forum : Member
Links (6)
Selected Media Appearances (10)
11 Historians Predict How Joe Biden Will Be Remembered
Politico online
2025-01-17
The evaluation of a U.S. presidency traditionally hinges on promises and reversals, accomplishments and failures, in domestic and foreign policy. In Joseph R. Biden Jr.’s case, it would encompass, on the home front, his concerted work to stem the Covid-19 pandemic and his ambitious, New Deal-inflected infrastructure and economic policies — but also the politically debilitating inflation that helped doom his party’s chances in the 2024 election. On the world stage, it would weigh Biden’s successful rallying of Western nations in support of Ukraine and apparent clinching of a cease-fire agreement between Israel and Hamas in his twilight hours as commander-in-chief against the disastrous pullout of U.S. troops from Afghanistan and failure to prevent the massive death toll in Gaza.
Are We on the Cusp of a New Political Order?
The New York Times online
2024-11-01
And finally, Sarah Igo, “The Known Citizen” — very different kind of book — “A History of Privacy in Modern America.” We’re talking about morality, we’re talking about community, and of course, social media has put the question of privacy and what constitutes privacy and what’s private and what’s public — such an urgent question in understanding America. And she gives us a wonderful hundred-year overview of how Americans in almost every generation have redefined the boundary between private and public, and I found that extremely useful in thinking about where America is at in the 21st century.
College Uncovered: What Do You Learn and What Will You Earn?
The Hechinger Report online
2024-05-30
As an intellectual historian, Igo says, historically, what students learn can’t be captured in a single answer or data point. "Because universities and colleges offer such an incredible wealth of options — electives, majors, minors, small credential programs. It’s the wealth of what is offered. And then the number of pathways through is really quite astonishing and would have astonished someone looking at college, or who went to college 100 years ago, or honestly even 75 years ago. The big explosion in electives and kind of choose your own adventure really happened after the mid century, mid 20th century."
Unleashing the ‘Animal Spirits’ That Course Through American History
The New York Times online
2023-06-22
The first traffic jam in U.S. history, Jackson Lears tells us, occurred in February 1913. The cause? A crush of New Yorkers jostling for seats at a lecture (in French, no less) by the celebrity philosopher Henri Bergson. His topic was the élan vital, the notion of a dynamic life force, a “current sent through matter” that “transcends finality” and animates the world. It is Lears’s topic, too: the play of what he calls “animal spirits” across several centuries of American thought. The phrase captures a recurring desire to meld the material and the ethereal, body and soul, self and universe against powerful countercurrents in religious, scientific and commercial culture.
The Price of Privacy
The Atlantic online
2022-04-06
America's first newspaper, Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick, was also one of its shortest-lived. Motivated by the creed “That Memorable Occurrents of Divine Providence may not be neglected or forgotten,” the inaugural issue, published in 1690, aired rumors of an affair between the French king and his daughter-in-law, along with other scandalous reports—and was promptly censored and confiscated by British authorities in Boston. But the American appetite for such salacious fare was irrepressible. By the time of the Civil War, journals such as The Illustrated Police News were devoted to graphic depictions of real-life criminal cases: Readers were served up vivid woodcuts of brothel raids, hangings, suicides, and child deaths—the more violent and gruesome, the better.
Gaggle Knows Everything About Teens And Kids In School
BuzzFeed News online
2019-11-01
Parents and caregivers have always monitored their kids. Sarah Igo, a professor of history at Vanderbilt University who studies surveillance and privacy, told BuzzFeed News, modern schools are often a de facto “training house for personhood.” But student surveillance services like Gaggle raise questions about how much monitoring is too much, and what rights minors have to control the ways that they’re watched by adults.
Census Has Been Subject of Legal Wrangling for Decades
Associated Press online
2019-07-10
Legal wrangling has surrounded the U.S. census count for decades, culminating in this year’s fight over adding a citizenship question.
We Would Have Known
Harvard Magazine online
2019-07-01
FACEBOOK’S recent admission that tens of millions of users’ personal information had been repurposed for political ends dramatizes concerns about digital-era privacy. But long before the Internet, “privacy was the language of choice for addressing the ways that U.S. citizens were—progressively and, some would say, relentlessly—rendered knowable by virtue of living in a modern industrial society,” writes Sarah E. Igo ’91, in The Known Citizen: A History of Privacy in Modern America (Harvard, $35). Igo, associate professor of history (and of political science and sociology and law) at Vanderbilt, uses all those disciplines in a sweeping overview that manages, fortuitously, to be especially timely and engagingly written, as the introduction, excerpted here, attests.
15 Unsung Moments From American History That Historians Say You Should Know About
TIME online
2019-06-30
The month of July is a time for Americans to look back at the country’s past—specifically to that indelible moment in 1776 when the Second Continental Congress declared independence from Britain. But, while the nearly 250 years since then have been chock full of major milestones, not every moment that shaped the country gets the credit it deserves.
What your SSN really means — to you and potential fraudsters
Vox
2019-02-01
Sarah Igo, a history professor at Vanderbilt University and author of The Known Citizen: A History of Privacy in Modern America, said there wasn’t “one clear event” that led to the widespread uses of the SSN we see today. Rather, it happened over decades, as government agencies and businesses adopted it as an identifier. “It’s precisely because there was no national ID in the US that there was this desire and hunger to track people and verify who they were,” says Igo. “From 1946 into the 1970s, [the Social Security card] specifically said ‘This is not an ID.’ They finally took it off in the ‘70s because everyone was using it that way.”
Selected Articles (3)
The beginnings of the end of privacy
The Hedgehog ReviewSarah E. Igo
2015 What has happened to our privacy? Certainly, if recent popular titles are to be trusted--The End of Privacy, The Unwanted Gaze, The Naked Crowd, No Place to Hide (two different books!), Privacy in Peril, The Road to Big Brother, One Nation under Surveillance, and perhaps the creepiest entrant, I Know Who You Are and I Saw What You Did--we Americans are in the midst of an unparalleled privacy crisis.
Hearing the Masses: The Modern Science of Opinion in the United States
Engineering SocietySarah E. Igo
2012 Gleaning the opinions of ordinary individuals became the object of an astonishing number of enterprises during the twentieth century: journalists hoping both to pinpoint and expand their readership, corporations to tap into and stoke consumers’ desires, state agencies and political candidates to read and influence the public mood.
“A gold mine and a tool for democracy”: George Gallup, Elmo Roper, and the business of scientific polling, 1935–1955
Journal of the History of Behavioral SciencesSarah E. Igo
2006 “Scientific” public opinion polls arrived on the American scene in 1936. Examining the work of opinion surveyors George Gallup and Elmo Roper, this essay tracks the early career of a new social scientific technology, one that powerfully shaped conceptions of “the public.” Pollsters described their craft as a democratic one that could accurately represent the U.S. populace.
