Recently, Craig Albert, PhD, was published in the Journal of Political Science Education. The article, 'Cyber-Enabled Education Operations: Towards a Strategic Cybersecurity Curriculum for the Social Sciences,' looks into how U.S. cyber intelligence training is overly technical and should integrate political science and social science courses to build strategic thinkers who understand adversaries’ motives and policies, ultimately strengthening U.S. national security.
Craig Albert, PhD, is a professor of Political Science and the graduate director of the PhD in Intelligence, Defense, and Cybersecurity Policy and the Master of Arts in Intelligence and Security Studies at Augusta University. His areas of concentration include international security studies, cybersecurity policy, information warfare/influence operations/propaganda, ethnic conflict, cyberterrorism and cyberwar, and political philosophy. View his profile here. Here's the abstract from the paper in Research Gate: Most cyber intelligence analysts within the United States Intelligence Community (USIC) typically enter the field with strong technical expertise, often derived from degrees in computer science or extensive technical training. However, a critical gap exists in education and training on the strategic dimensions of cyber threats. This paper advocates for the integration of cybersecurity-focused courses within social science disciplines, particularly political science, to cultivate strategic thinkers who can contribute effectively to the USIC. The inclusion of strategic policy coursework in political science curricula, as well as more broadly across social science programs, would better prepare students for careers in the USIC by deepening their understanding of the motivations, capabilities, and intentions of the United States’ strategic adversaries in cyberspace—specifically Russia, China, Iran, and North Korea. Such training would equip analysts with critical insights to improve their effectiveness in identifying, attributing, and mitigating cyber intrusions. Moreover, a stronger emphasis on the human behavior and policy dimensions of cybersecurity would enhance the overall competency of the USIC workforce, thereby strengthening U.S. national security policy. Looking to know more? Let us help. Craig Albert, PhD, is available to speak with media. Simply click on his icon now to arrange an interview today.
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Artificial Intelligence is often framed as a driver of innovation. But it also has the power to disrupt the very foundations of our societies.
In a recent study, experts Craig Albert, PhD, and Lance Hunter, PhD, from Augusta University explored how AI, as part of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, could reshape economies, politics and security within states.
Here are three key takeaways from the research:
AI brings breakthroughs in health care, logistics and engineering, but also disrupts jobs and economies. Unmanaged disruption can fuel instability, widening inequality and increasing risks of unrest or domestic conflict. Governments must act now with retraining, adaptive policies and strong governance to harness AI’s benefits while reducing risks. Lance Hunter, PhD, is an assistant professor of political science with a background in international relations. His research focuses on how terrorist attacks influence politics in democratic countries and how political decisions within countries affect conflicts worldwide. Hunter teaches courses in international relations, security studies and research methods. He received his PhD in Political Science from Texas Tech University in 2011. View his profile here. Craig Albert, PhD, is a professor of Political Science and the graduate director of the PhD in Intelligence, Defense, and Cybersecurity Policy and the Master of Arts in Intelligence and Security Studies at Augusta University. His areas of concentration include international security studies, cybersecurity policy, information warfare/influence operations/propaganda, ethnic conflict, cyberterrorism and cyberwar, and political philosophy. View his profile here. The question we face is not whether AI will transform society (it already is!) but how we will manage that transformation to strengthen rather than destabilize.
What steps do you think policymakers should prioritize to prepare for this future?
Here's the abstract from the paper in Research Gate: An emerging field of scholarship in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and computing posits that AI has the potential to significantly alter political and economic landscapes within states by reconfiguring labor markets, economies and political alliances, leading to possible societal disruptions. Thus, this study examines the potential destabilizing economic and political effects AI technology can have on societies and the resulting implications for domestic conflict based on research within the fields of political science, sociology, economics and artificial intelligence. In addition, we conduct interviews with 10 international AI experts from think tanks, academia, multinational technology companies, the military and cyber to assess the possible disruptive effects of AI and how they can affect domestic conflict. Lastly, the study offers steps governments can take to mitigate the potentially destabilizing effects of AI technology to reduce the likelihood of civil conflict and domestic terrorism within states. Read the full report here: Looking to know more? Let us help. Both Albert and Hunter are available to speak with media. Simply click on either experts icon now to arrange an interview today.
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3 min
Going into the final days of the 2024 election cycle there is a very real concern about election interference from both foreign and domestic actors, and it's something that will continue to be monitored even after the final votes are tallied.
Craig Albert, PhD, graduate director of the PhD in Intelligence, Defense, and Cybersecurity Policy and Master of Arts in Intelligence and Security Studies programs at Augusta University, is a leading expert on propaganda, information warfare and national security studies. Albert has answered key questions about who is trying to interfere in the U.S. elections and why it matters.
Q: How and when should someone vote and does it protect you more to avoid interference? The access to instantaneous news or events could affect people and their understanding of whom they want to vote for all the way up until the day they vote. Because of this ease of access, this election cycle has especially shown us how cautious we need to be in regards to scams. It's also why I know there has been a big push for early voting and mail-in voting, and it's necessary in some cases, but I prefer to vote on Election Day because you never know what type of news might come out about one of the candidates or parties. If something comes out that proves to be true, it could affect how someone might vote, but if you voted before Election Day, it's too late. At the same time, a very serious deepfake could be released that could manipulate how people choose to vote and it could mislead people, as well. Q: What are the consequences of the optics of an 'unfair' election? What the U.S. needs to be cautious about is preserving and maintaining the legitimacy of the election cycle. After the election, no matter who wins, narratives of interference and how it impacted the election are going to be shared and that's just irresponsible. Unless there's damning information and very clear evidence, you shouldn't mess around with the idea that the election was interfered with, because that could threaten the very structure of the United States. Q: What's the potential for post-election meddling? We have domestic bad actors as well as foreign maligned actors that are going to say the election was delegitimized no matter who wins. They have social media campaigns ready to post no matter which side wins, they're going to circulate false videos of ballot boxes burning or news that not all the the votes were counted and things of that nature. They're going to do all kinds of things because anybody can fake a ballot box being burned or mail in votes not being counted properly on video or something like that. The problem is if it goes out there or becomes viral, so many people will believe it and that sows discord. So, that creates distrust in the public system on a pretty big swath of the American population. Q: Who benefits from post-election doubts and chaos? You have foreign actors that really build on the type of anger that the political candidates and their parties already use through their propaganda and rhetoric. We have already seen Russia amplifying the message that somebody cheated or elections were hacked, and you have China, Iran, Venezuela, ISIS and Al Qaeda doing that, as well. You also have regular cyber criminals that just want to sew discord and distress so they can manipulate people later on and get into our banking systems and things of that nature. You have potentially hundreds, if not thousands of attack vectors coming at the United States between election night and January 20 when the new President will be sworn in. And then afterwards, they will all still be trying to create chaos, rebellion, civil unrest, or in the case of Iran, China and Russia, open civil war in the United States. Looking to know more and covering the election, Augusta University can help. Albert is available to speak with media – simply click on his name to arrange an interview today.
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Biography
Craig Douglas Albert, PhD, is a professor of Political Science and the Graduate Director of the PhD in Intelligence, Defense, and Cybersecurity Policy and the Master of Arts in Intelligence and Security Studies at Augusta University. He received his PhD from the University of Connecticut in 2009. His areas of concentration include international security studies, cybersecurity policy, information warfare/influence operations/ propaganda, ethnic conflict, cyberterrorism and cyberwar, and political philosophy.
He is widely published, including articles in: Cyber Defense Review; Global Society; Defense and Security Analysis; Intelligence and National Security; Politics; East European Politics; Chicago-Kent Law Review; Social Media + Society; Journal of Political Science Education; Politics & the Life Sciences; Journal of Cyber Policy; Digital War; Journal of Information Technology and Politics, and he has published widely in cyber-related professional association journals in the area of propaganda and social media warfare, including IEEE proceedings.
Albert has testified before a US Congress’ joint sub-committee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee. He has appeared in national and international media outlets including Fox News; CTVNews Canada; Veja.com (Brazil); NewsNation; and Gulan Media (Iraq) and has been featured on the Podcast, Team Never Quit with Navy SEALs Marcus Luttrell and David Rutherford. He has been quoted in FoxNews.com, Forbes, Yahoo!News, and USAToday, The Hill, and The Washington Times, among others. Dr. Albert has presented at The Council on Foreign Relations on teaching international relations and is a Council on Foreign Relations Higher Education Ambassador.
Operation Epic Fury: The promises and perils of AI warfare
The Hill online
2026-03-20
Now, with the joint U.S.-Israel operation in Iran, codenamed Operation Epic Fury by the U.S. and Operation Roaring Lion by Israel, we are witnessing the next stage of that evolution. The unfolding of this conflict in real time will yield many important signals and implications regarding the future of warfare, as well as the increasingly complex questions about ethics, accountability, human oversight and the potential erosion of restraint in lethal operations.
Augusta University Political Scientist on the Iran conflict
WJBF tv
2026-03-09
AUGUSTA, Ga (WJBF) We are pleased to welcome Dr. Craig Albert back to The Means Report. He is the Graduate Director of National Defense Studies at Augusta University. He talks to us about the conflict in Iran. We discuss why it started, and how long it may continue. We also hear from Dr. Albert about the potential impact on oil prices. Join us for this edition of The Means Report and be sure to watch us each week. We are on Monday afternoon at 12:30 on NewsChannel 6.
Online and Asynchronous: Using Simulations in Today's Educational Landscape
CFR Education Blog: Global Matters online
2025-10-22
Richard Haass, former president of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), once called our current era “the most dangerous moment since World War II,” citing a “perfect storm” of compounding factors. His view is widely shared across geopolitical thought leadership. In their Global Risks Report 2025 report, the World Economic Forum highlighted state-based armed conflict as the greatest global risk currently, with geoeconomic confrontation, misinformation/disinformation, societal polarization, and erosion of civic freedoms falling closely behind.
China's 'Spamouflage' Aims To Confuse Voters Ahead Of Election
Forbes online
2024-09-10
America's potential adversaries have been actively meddling in the 2024 presidential election, and that includes efforts directed from Beijing. Known as "Spamouflage," it reportedly utilizes fake social media accounts claiming to be American voters and even U.S. military personnel.
It is a largely bipartisan effort—with some attacks directed at President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris, while others criticized former President Donald Trump. The goal seems to be sowing division, and further dividing America politically.
New degree program at Augusta University is all about national security
WJBF tv
2024-09-09
Augusta University will soon offer a new PhD program. The state has signed off it. The curriculum focuses on Intelligence, Defense, and Cybersecurity Policy. Dr. Craig Albert helped lead the team that made this exciting news happen.
AU hosts informational warfare conference for Army cyber center
WJBF tv
2024-08-22
Artificial intelligence, propaganda and information online are all hot topics in the cyber world.
On Thursday, Augusta University held a conference to discuss AI in our everyday lives.
The conference was held for the U.C. Army Cyber Center of Excellence. It allows the two to work together to preserve national security and to strengthen Augusta as a cyber security hub.
Vladimir Putin's chilling warning to South Korea as he issues new threat after Kim Jong Un meeting
Irish Star online
2024-06-21
"As for the supply of lethal weapons to the war zone in Ukraine, that would be a very big mistake," Putin declared. Craig Albert, an intelligence and security specialist, warned the Daily Express US that the Russo-North Korean treaty might lead to greater conflict escalation.
TikTTik Tok is a ticking time bomb we must defuse before it’s too late
The Hill online
2024-05-04
U.S.-China relations have reached a point where the possibility of a full-blown conflict between the two nations cannot be denied.
Clearly, no rational person wants this scenario to occur. But if it does, it’s likely the first “shots fired” would not be through conventional weaponry, but a secret weapon China possesses that even at this very moment is locked on to over 150 million American citizens: TikTok.
“To alleviate the concerns and protect the U.S. from Chinese and other forms of influence operations, we recommend a unified approach, either through a unified command, or a consistent strategy [inside the] Department of Defense,” said Mr. Albert, a political science professor at August University in Georgia. “Once this occurs, the U.S. can more efficiently go on the offensive, and set the narrative on its own terms, rather than acting reactively.”
Cyber experts debate possible TikTok ban, national security vs. free speech
securityinfowatch.com online
2024-04-30
A ban isn’t the only solution or the best solution, but it’s the quick solution to preventing national security ramifications from TikTok, says Craig Albert, a political science professor and Graduate Director of the Master of Arts in Intelligence and Security Studies program at Augusta University.
How governments use artificial intelligence to enhance their information warfare and influence operations
Voices of America radio
2024-04-23
Artificial intelligence continues to play a role in modern information warfare, revolutionizing the way data is processed, analyzed, and disseminated. As technology advances, understanding the intersection of AI and information warfare becomes increasingly crucial in safeguarding the integrity of information ecosystems. To take a closer look at how the United States, China, and Russia use AI in their respective information warfare operations, VOA’s Steve Miller caught up with Augusta University professors Lance Hunter and Craig Albert. Authorities say they've uncovered hundreds of bodies at Gaza hospitals. A U.S. Congressional deligation is in Ukraine.
The alleged perpetrators of the attack on a Moscow music venue appeared in court as the nation mourned the loss of more than 130. Craig Albert, political science professor and graduate director of the Master of Arts in Intelligence and Security Studies at Augusta University in Georgia, shares takeaways from what’s known. Russia carried out attacks on Ukraine’s infrastructure, while Kyiv says it destroyed a pair of Russian naval vessels docked in Crimea. Israeli forces continue their operations around two hospitals in Gaza. Senegalese officials begin counting votes from Sunday’s election.
The TikTok Ban Is Truly An Issue Of National Security
Voices of America online
2024-03-15
"TikTok, like all social media sites, is based upon algorithms that can target its users for propaganda, mis/dis and malinformation," Albert continued. "They can intentionally and purposely push specific types of propaganda against any person, thus they can attempt to push a user to vote differently, or push extremist videos at users likely to have an emotional reaction and resort to violence as a result of neurocognitive hacking. The end game of propaganda is to change a user's thought processes and/or decision-making without the user being aware that this has occurred. Thus, the CCP has a direct line into users' minds."
U.S. Army, AU hold workshop on artificial intelligence and its potential threats
WRDW tv
2024-01-11
On Thursday, Augusta University teamed up with the U.S. Army Cyber Center of Excellence for a workshop about defending our community from unsuspecting dangers.
When our founding fathers declared their independence from England, they didn’t include everyone. Slaves had no rights until congress passed the 13th amendment granting their freedom, following a bloody civil war.
Dr. Craig Albert said, “We have the great original sin being slavery, then the Jim Crow Laws, everything that happened in the 40’s, 50’s and 60’s.
FLASHPOINT: GLOBAL CRISES - First Hostages Released in Israel-Hamas Cease-Fire Deal
Voices of America online
2023-11-24
What foreign policy recommendations can be made from researching anti-American propaganda on the X platform in Arabic speaking countries like Saudi Arabia? VOA’s Steve Miller speaks with the two of authors of the upcoming paper detailing the study: Craig Albert and Ahmed Aleroud, both from Augusta University in Georgia.
In God we trust. It’s America’s motto. We are a country founded on faith.
In part three of her series, “United We Stand: Issues that divide us”, Mary Morrison takes a closer look at what our first amendment right guarantees and what can happen when religious diversity is not respected.
United We Stand | Issues that divide us: Immigration
WJBF tv
2023-11-13
“The easiest way to get in is through political asylum,” said Dr. Craig Albert. “Show that you are a political refugee that your government is oppressing you, that your only hope is to get into the United States.”
Guns. In America, we have the right to bear arms. It’s guaranteed by the second Amendment in the Bill of Rights. Dr. Craig Albert is a political science professor at Augusta University.
Dr. Albert said, “Of course when the founding framers wrote that, they didn’t know about the types of weapons we could have today, so it’s up to debate whether the founding framers would still keep that as is if they knew the type of weapons we have today.”
On this edition of The Means Report, we look at the war between Israel and Hamas. Augusta University Political Scientist Craig Albert is our guest. He looks at the reasons behind this conflict and how it all started. He also discusses the role of the U.S. Watch our interview and learn how the situation in the Middle East has international ramifications. Join us for The Means Report Monday afternoon at 12:30 on NewsChannel 6.
Tech entrepreneur Elon Musk has touted how X—the platform formally known as Twitter—could replace traditional media with near real-time updates as news is breaking. Yet, in the past week, X has instead been largely overtaken by misinformation coming out of the Middle East.
Since the start of the heaviest fighting seen in the region in nearly a decade, there has been a constant flow of fake photos, old videos and even some video game footage presented as coming from the region.
Russia's Social Media Propagandists Turning On The War—We Should Expect A Crackdown
Forbes print
2023-09-11
Since the start of Russia's so-called "special military operation" in late February 2022, the pro-Kremlin "milbloggers" who regularly report on the war via the Telegram social messaging app have carried water for President Vladimir Putin without question. Their online posts—which had often put a positive spin on the war effort to boost support among their fellow countrymen, as well as to legitimize the conflict to an international audience—was rarely critical of Moscow.
Rise Of The Machine Learning—Deep Fakes Could Threaten Our Democracy
Forbes print
2023-09-10
"Deep Fakes are almost certain to influence the 2024 elections," warned Dr. Craig Albert, professor of political science and graduate director of the Master of Arts in Intelligence and Security Studies at Augusta University.
FLFLASHPOINT UKRAINE: The Aftermath Of Prigozhin’s Rebellion
Voices of America online
2023-06-26
It was an unprecedented challenge to Russian President Vladimir Putin by fighters from Wagner paramilitary forces. Analysts weigh in on the weekend’s events and what it may mean for Russia moving forward. Meanwhile, front-line Ukrainian fighters say their fight with Russia has not subsided.
Terrorist attacks like the ones that recently happened in Spain's Catalonia Region are a result of ISIS losing ground in Syria and Iraq, Dr. Craig Albert, associate professor of political science, told Veja, Latin America's largest news magazine with more than 1 million subscribers.
Dr. Craig Albert discusses the meaning behind President Trump's visit to the Middle East. The interview was published by Gulan Mydia, a Kurdish media organization.
Local political science experts weigh in on the Presidential debate
wrdw12 online
2016-09-27
When it came the first presidential debate, two local political science professors said the candidates said a lot, without getting very deep into these issues.
The massacre on a Pulse Nightclub in Orlando, Florida, was carried out in the name of ISIS. While the FBI believes the “mission” was not orchestrated by the extremist group itself, it is still one of many carried out in the name of the radical Islamic sect. Political scientist Craig Albert joined “The Means Report” to offer his expertise on ISIS and terrorism and to address whether stricter gun laws will help protect U.S. citizens.
Richmond, Columbia counties inch toward 100K registered voters ahead of Election Day
WJBF
2016-09-27
Craig Albert, an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Augusta University, told NewsChannel 6, “People that are on the fence about for whom to vote or whether to vote at all, neither candidate is appealing to them at all.”
Digging deeper: How can we stay safe in the aftermath of violence such as the Orlando shooting?
WJBF
2016-06-15
Political scientist Craig Albert addressed the divide in our country, as some call the gun control issue (after shootings like this) a distraction, believing the underlying problem here is Islamic terrorism. Dr. Albert also describes how ISIS targets recruits and quickly radicalizes people.
Augusta University Professor Breaks Down Brussels Attacks
WJBF
2016-03-22
An Augusta University professor sat down with News Channel 6 about the terrorist attacks ISIS claimed responsibility for in Belgium. Craig Albert, a local terrorism expert said the deadly incident performed by the Islamic extremists is a recruiting tool and fear tactic.
“No need to rush to the gas station”, pipeline shutdown temporary
WJBF tv
2021-05-11
“Ransomware is when somebody takes over your system or your network, and in order to release it or go active again, you have to give them a ransom,” said Dr. Craig Albert, professor of intelligence and security studies at Augusta University. “And for this group it’s usually between like $200 thousand and $2 million, so it’s quite significant.”
From Russia to elections: How secure is the United States?
WJBF tv
2022-02-10
The Means Report turns its focus to all things political that are going on in the world right now. Certainly, the Russian threat constantly in the headlines. One year in to Joe Biden’s presidency, how are things going? Also, the upcoming nomination of a Supreme Court nominee, if you will, to replace the retiring Justice Breyer, that breaking just really before we started taping The Means Report pretty much. So, we’ll talk about that and everything else going on in our nation and world with our resident political scientist. He’s an Associate Professor of Political Science at Augusta University, also serves as the Director of the Master of Arts in Intelligence and Security Studies at AU, Craig Albert.
Tensions remain high between the United States and Russia over Russia’s military buildup near the Ukranian border. NATO defense ministers say they’re concerned that Russia could try to overtake Ukraine. They say Russia has built up the largest concentration of forces in Europe since the Cold War.
Dr. Craig Albert, Associate Professor of Political Science at Augusta University and Graduate Director of Intelligence and Security Studies spoke with NewsChannel 6 about the dispute. He said it stems back to the Cold War.
Why Americans should care about the Ukraine-Russia conflict
ABC News online
2022-02-20
After weeks of mounting tensions, United States officials have warned that a Russian attack on Ukraine could happen "any day now."
Russia has spent weeks building up military forces near eastern Ukraine, with more than 150,000 troops encircling Ukraine in Belarus and on the Russian side of the border, according to U.S. officials.
President Biden held a press conference Tuesday saying they're advancing sanctions in Russia.
Dr. Craig Albert, assistant professor of political science and director of intelligence and security studies at Augusta University says, “if Russia goes further with this invasion, we stand prepared to go further as with sanctions.”
Why the West cares about the situation in Russia-Ukraine
CTV News tv
2022-02-24
As tensions continue to escalate between Russia and Ukraine, experts are warning the crisis may lead to a global conflict and could impact Western countries, including the state of their democracies.
As Russia invades the Ukraine and the United States unleashes new sanctions on the communist country, The Means Report talks to Augusta University political scientist – Dr. Craig Albert – about what comes next and what impact we will possibly feel here at home.
On Feb. 24, Putin unveiled his plans. Moscow’s war machine rolled into the Eastern European nation. The combined Russian air, land and sea assault was preceded by waves of cyberattacks, the sort of gray-zone meddling analysts and defense officials had foreseen. Websites were hamstrung. Malware coursed through computers. Communications were hampered.
FLASHPOINT UKRAINE: Olena Zelenska asks US Congress for weapons so Ukrainians may return to normalcy
Voices of America radio
2022-07-20
Ukraine’s First Lady delivers impassioned remarks to the US Congress. Plus, what challenges face Kyiv as the officials say they will not cede territory to Russia, even though US intelligence suggests Moscow may annex occupied territory, as it did in 2014.
One on One with Richard Rogers | Russia’s War in Ukraine
WRDW tv
2023-06-19
Dr. Craig Albert specializes in intelligence and security studies at Augusta University. Dr. Albert talks one on one with Richard Rogers about Russia’s war in Ukraine.
X—the platform formally known as Twitter—has been accused in the past week of allowing fake social media accounts to spread misinformation about the ongoing conflict.
There’s nothing the public can do in determining if the AI generated images or propaganda is real or not. So right now the public really just has to rely on the U.S. Intelligence community and the social networks, social media networks themselves to tell you if something is AI generated or if it’s been altered or might be a deepfake. The intelligence community of the United States has the capability to tell us something is a deepfake, for instance, through its reverse AI technology.
AI is a very new tool that can influence people’s minds and influence elections overall. The first way AI can really damage and interfere with an election is through the use of what we call ‘deep fakes’. AI can be utilized to create fake pictures, fake movies, fake videos, with sound, that look and sound identical to the person they are trying to impersonate on the video.
“If Ukraine manages to get F-16s in the fight sooner rather than later, and longer-range missiles are given to them as well, this could cause a stalemate and force Russia into negotiation."
Articles
PERSPECTIVE: Why TikTok is a Weapon of Mass Distraction And Destruction
Homeland Security Today
Craig Albert
2024-08-14
In a notably bipartisan act of cooperation, on April 23 the U.S. Senate passed a bill that would ban TikTok unless the owner of the popular social media app, ByteDance, would sell it to a non-Chinese company. President Biden promptly signed the bill but not without ByteDance filing a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the law. This is on top of the $7 million it has already spent trying to lobby Congress and federal officials to prevent the TikTok-banning legislation from getting passed. It will now be up to the courts to decide whether to uphold the law or strike it down so the matter remains out of the hands of the public for now. But a lot can happen in a year and it remains important for the public to understand exactly why TikTok represents such a threat and why banning it was, while obviously not without controversy, the correct move from a homeland security perspective.
Let’s begin with one of the most common arguments that I hear—from many of my own students included— contesting the level of danger that TikTok actually presents. The argument is that all of the major social media apps collect our data and track our behavior anyway so TikTok isn’t different in this sense and it therefore isn’t fair to single it out. This is partly true but also partly untrue. It is indeed true that other apps such as Facebook, X, and Instagram also collect our data and track us. But what they do is surveillance capitalism, meaning that the surveillance is carried out with the goal of making money via targeted advertising and algorithms designed to keep you on their apps for as long and often as possible.
Analyzing influence operations on Facebook: an exploratory study
Springer Link
Craig Albert, Lance Y. Hunter, Samantha Mullaney, Meagan Mays
2024-05-01
Recently, there have been groundbreaking studies that seek to create unique cybersecurity datasets used to empirically test theories related to strategic cybersecurity. To date, however, this research has neglected cyber-enabled information operations (CEIO). With the remarkable amount of information operations being reported on social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, there is a substantial gap in the literature regarding empirical studies on CEIO using cross-national datasets. This exploratory, descriptive study seeks to remedy this dilemma. To do so, this paper investigates the question, “What are the political and economic characteristics of states that are most likely to be targeted by CEIO over social media on Facebook?” To investigate, this exploratory, descriptive study utilizes a unique Information Operations Threat Report Dataset (2020) based on Facebook’s release of 2020 influence operations information that captures CEIO on its platform from 2017 to 2020. A descriptive data analysis reveals that mixed regimes (i.e., states that are partially authoritarian and democratic) and slightly wealthier states are more likely to be targeted in CEIO on Facebook. These exploratory findings provide useful insights into what types of states may be more susceptible to CEIO attacks on Facebook.
The military application of artificial intelligence technology in the United States, China, and Russia and the implications for global security
Taylor & Francis Online
Lance Y. Hunter, Craig Albert, Christopher Hennigan and Josh Rutland
2023-05-11
A number of studies have considered the theoretical role that Artificial Intelligence (AI) may play in shaping the global balance of power in the future. While these studies are informative, we currently lack an understanding regarding the precise manner AI technologies are being applied and incorporated in militaries in major power states. Thus, in this study, we examine how AI technology is being applied in the militaries in the US, China, and Russia and analyse the implications for the future of AI, global military competition, and international security. We examine current research on the military application of AI technology in the US, China, and Russia and conduct expert interviews with leading AI experts in academia, think tanks, multinational technology companies, and the military to better understand how AI technology is being applied in the three major powers states and the implications for global security.
Artificial intelligence and information warfare in major power states: how the US, China, and Russia are using artificial intelligence in their information warfare and influence operations
Taylor & Francis Online
Lance Y. Hunter, Craig Albert, Josh Rutland, Kristen Topping, Christopher Hennigan
2024-03-05
Previous research in security studies contends that information warfare (IW) is becoming a critical element in states' overall security strategies. Additionally, many researchers posit that artificial intelligence (AI) is quickly emerging as an important component of digital communications and states' military applications worldwide. However, less is known regarding how states are incorporating AI in their information warfare and influence operations (IWIO). Thus, given the growing importance of AI and IW in global security, this paper examines how the United States, China, and Russia are incorporating AI in their IWIO strategies and tactics. We find that the US, China, and Russia are utilizing AI in their IWIO approaches in significant ways depending on each state's overall IW strategy, with important implications for international security.
Twitter Propaganda Operations: Analyzing Sociopolitical Issues in Saudi Arabia
Sage Journals
Craig Douglas Albert, Ahmed Aleroud, and Josh Rutland
2023-12-23
The purpose of this article is to explore Arabic-language Tweets based out of Saudi Arabia to investigate the social media landscape. Specifically, this article seeks to address the question, “What thematic issues concerning the U.S. socio-political landscape are present in Arabic-language Twitter postings?” And, “To what extent can these issues be described as propagandic in nature?” To do so, we propose a machine-learning and artificial intelligence span detection approach to identify propaganda Tweets in Middle Eastern Countries, with a focus on Saudi Arabia. As opposed to previous work, this article maps and investigates different propaganda categories using the BEND Social Cyber Security framework. This article then proceeds to a case study analysis of state-sponsored targeted propaganda from Saudi Arabia and briefly describes the categories of propaganda uncovered. We then relate those categories to the BEND Framework and conclude with policy recommendations and discussion.
Weaponizing Words: Using Technology to Proliferate Information Warfare
The Cyber Defense Review
Craig Douglas Albert, Ph.D., Lance Y Hunter, PhD, Samantha Mullaney Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Huitt, Lydia Snyder
2023-12-05
The United States risks losing its information advantage over its near-peer competitors, specifically China. One reason behind this possibility is that the U.S. lacks a coherent doctrine of information warfare, which has put the U.S. at a disadvantage. Considering the Russian interference in elections of several North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) states and allies, including Ukraine, Germany, and, the United States, most stunningly in the 2016 presidential election, this article addresses the question: What is to be done? Before delving into possible solutions, the exact nature of the complex problem must be explored. The purpose of this article is to investigate the ways the U.S. could improve in information warfare, specifically against one of its top near-peer competitors, China. First, this article summarizes how China compares with the United States concerning information warfare and influence operations. Second, it delves into some of the definitional chaos in which the U.S. is mired. Thirdly, the article illustrates the doctrinal and data policies of the U.S. Department of Defense. Finally, it concludes with policy recommendations.
Epidemiological intelligence fusion centers: health security and COVID-19 in the Dominican Republic
Taylor & Francis Online
Craig Albert, Alejandro Amando Baez, Lance Hunter, John Heslen, John Rutland
2022
Research on health security has focused on how many different political, economic, social, and health-related factors affect disease containment within states. However, largely missing from this scholarship is an examination of the role public health intelligence plays in limiting the spread of disease. Thus, this study focuses on the effect epidemiological intelligence fusion centers have on disease prevalence. We conduct a case study analysis of the Dominican Republic’s use of epidemiological intelligence fusion centers during the COVID-19 pandemic and provide policy recommendations for other states to follow.
Democracy and cyberconflict: how regime type affects state-sponsored cyberattacks
Journal Of Cyber Policy
Dr. Craig Albert, Dr. Lance Hunter, Eric Garrett, Josh Rutland
2022
A large body of research in international relations has focused on the relationship between regime type (i.e., the degree a nation is democratic or authoritarian) and traditional military conflict between states. However, to date, no research has examined how regime type affects conflict in the cyber domain. Thus, we attempt to analyze the effect regime type has on the initiation of state-sponsored cyberattacks. We examine 143 states from 2005 - 2013 utilizing cyber data on known state-sponsored cyberattacks taken from the Council on Foreign Relations Cyber Operations Tracker dataset (CFR-COTD) and economic, political, military, and social data collected by the authors. In conducting a cross-sectional, time series analysis we find that democratic institutions have a pacifying effect on the initiation of state-sponsored cyberattacks.
One of the most challenging issues any instructor of political philosophy faces is how to get college students interested and engaged in a discipline composed mostly of 'a bunch of dead white guys.' The task is hard enough for students already interested in theory and is even more daunting for the general education American government classroom.
The ethno-violence nexus: measuring ethnic group identity in Chechnya
East European Politics
2014
If scholars and policy-makers are to understand contemporary ethnic conflict, we must first understand ethnic group identity. I make the case that ethnic group identity has substantial effects on collective action, particularly violent conflict, and a mechanism must exist to predict behaviour to properly measure ethnic group identity. This study asks, then: what exactly is ethnic group identity and can it be accurately measured? I address this by developing the Ethnic Group Identity Index (EGII), which seeks to measure the strength of ethnic group identity. I then use the EGII to measure strength of ethnic group identity within Chechnya. The implications abound for policy-makers in matters of conflict management strategies for the Russo-Chechen conflict, and more generally, for all ethnic politics.
Teaching with Tocqueville: Assessing the Utility of Using ‘Democracy’ in the American Government Classroom to Achieve Student-Learning Outcomes
Journal of Political Science Education
2014
There is a debate in Political Science concerning how best to teach American Government courses. We investigate whether students learn more effectively with texts from the great tradition or from textbooks and other secondary sources. Which medium better guides students toward becoming better citizens? We examine how teaching “The Great Tradition” may increase success in student-learning outcomes. We examine four categories of learning outcomes in the Introduction to American Government classroom: general knowledge, ...
Defining Our Terms: Bringing Rigour to Ethnic Studies
Politics
2012
For decades, political scientists have grappled with the role identity has played in ethnic conflict. Surprisingly, these scholars have been unsuccessful in rigorously conceptualising some key terms in the field of ethnic studies. How can the causal forces of ethnic strife be unravelled if scholars cannot even agree on the meanings of essential concepts? This article carefully delineates the differences between ethnicity, ethnic groups and ethnic group identity, while showing the conceptual mistakes of some of the field's leading scholars. Often treated synonymously, these concepts are quite distinct: ignoring this not only makes for sloppy scholarship, but has grave policy consequences.
Towards a General Theory of Ethnic Conflict: Explaining Identity and Violence in Chechnya
International Journal of Security Studies and Practice
Craig Albert
2023-02-28
The purposes of this article are to develop the beginnings of a general theory of ethnic conflict. Specifically, this paper examines and builds upon identity politics and the relationship between ethnic group identity and deadly ethnic violence. It develops the connection more clearly between three integral concepts including societal security, ontological security, and securitization. This paper argues that salient ethnic group identity acts as an underlying catalyst to deadly ethnic violence. Groups with salient identities often view their identity as a measure of security. Thus, any threat to a group’s identity, either perceived or real, is a threat to the group’s physical existence. The processes behind this connection are examined. Understanding the nexus between identity and violence allows for further research testing the hypothesis that the more salient an ethnic group identity is, the more likely deadly conflict will result. This paper concludes with policy recommendations and possible solutions to identity securitization in Chechnya.
Epidemic intelligence studies: A research agenda for political scientists
Cambridge University Press
Craig Albert
2023-03-24
This research letter introduces readers to health intelligence by conceptualizing critical components and providing a primer for research within political science broadly considered. Accordingly, a brief review of the literature is provided, concluding with possible future research agendas. The aim is to elaborate on the importance of public health intelligence to national security studies, and to political science more generally.
Socio-Emotional Computational Analysis of Propaganda Campaigns on Social Media Users in the Middle East
ACM Digital Library
Zain Halloush, Ahmed Aleroud, Craig Albert,
2023-04-30
Society has been significantly impacted by social media platforms in almost every aspect of their life. This impact has been effectively formulating people’s global mindsets and opinions on political, economic, and social events. Such waves of opinion formation are referred to as propagandas and misinformation. Online propaganda influences the emotional and psychological orientation of people. The remarkable leaps in Machine Learning models and Natural Language Processing have helped in analyzing the emotional and psychological effects of cyber social threats such as propaganda campaigns on different nations, specifically in the Middle East, where rates of disputes have risen after the Arab Spring and the ongoing crises. In this paper, we present an approach to detect propagandas and the associated emotional and psychological aspects from social media news headlines that contain such a contextualized cyber social attack. We created a new dataset of headlines containing propaganda tweets and another dataset of potential emotions that the audience might endure when being exposed to such propaganda headlines. We believe that this is the first research to address the detection of emotional reactions linked to propaganda types on social media in the Middle East.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution, Artificial Intelligence, and Domestic Conflict
Taylor & Francis Online
Lance Y. Hunter, Craig Albert, Josh Rutland & Chris Hennigan
2022-11-22
An emerging field of scholarship in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and computing posits that AI has the potential to significantly alter political and economic landscapes within states by reconfiguring labor markets, economies, and political alliances, leading to possible societal disruptions. Thus, this study examines the potential destabilizing economic and political effects AI technology can have on societies and the resulting implications for domestic conflict based on research within the fields of political science, sociology, economics, and artificial intelligence. In addition, we conduct interviews with 10 international AI experts from think tanks, academia, multinational technology companies, the military, and cyber to assess the possible disruptive effects of AI and how they can affect domestic conflict. Lastly, the study offers steps governments can take to mitigate the potentially destabilizing effects of AI technology to reduce the likelihood of civil conflict and domestic terrorism within states.
