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The Defiant Life of Vera Figner: Surviving the Russian Revolution (Encounters)

Dr. Lynne Hartnett is a professor of history at Villanova University, where she has taught courses on Russian history and the social and political histories of Europe since 2002. Prior to joining Villanova, Dr. Hartnett spent a semester teaching a course on "Russian Women in the Modern Age" at Lehigh University. 

She was the director of the Russian Area Studies Program at Villanova from 2008 to 2015 and is currently the chair of the Department of History. Her expertise has been featured in multiple publications and public engagements, and she has served as a presenter at numerous conferences in the United States and Europe.

Dr. Hartnett has contributed two courses for "The Great Courses," titled "Understanding Russia: A Cultural History" and "The Great Revolutions of Modern History." She also published the book "The Defiant Life of Vera Figner: Surviving the Russian Revolution," a biography of a Russian noblewoman-turned-revolutionary terrorist who lived through the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917.

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amid-detainees-release-putin-flaunts-power-and-flouts-western-influence

Professor and Chair of History | College of Liberal Arts and Sciences

On August 1, the United States, Russia, Germany and three other European nations engaged in an historic 24-person East-West prisoner exchange.

The largest such swap since the end of the Cold War, the multi-country deal secured the release of three prominent American detainees: Wall Street Journal correspondent Evan Gershkovich, corporate security executive Paul Whelan and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty editor Alsu Kurmasheva. It also freed a dozen Russian opposition leaders, incarcerated in their native country for challenging Vladimir Putin and his authoritarian regime.

Lynne Hartnett, PhD, is the chair of Villanova University’s Department of History and an expert on modern Russia, protest movements and dissidents in exile. Recently, she shared some insights on the Kremlin's decision to release the American and Russian prisoners—as well as the egotism, oppressive tendencies and political posturing that drove their detention.

Q: The arrests and sentencings of Gershkovich, Whelan and Kurmasheva have been described as "outrageous," "a mockery of justice" and reflective of "a total disregard for basic freedoms." What prompted Putin and the Russian government to detain these individuals? Dr. Hartnett: For Putin, seizing Gershkovich, Whelan and Kurmasheva was a power play. They were pawns for him to use when he deemed it convenient. If they could be used in a prisoner swap, they would be. But if that time never arrived, their incarceration, suffering and even potential deaths were inconsequential to him.

Their arrests were also a signal that, in Russia, Putin's authority is uncontested. These were American citizens, and around the world, a U.S. passport opens doors: It holds power; it provides access; and it affords its holder protection. But the arrests of Gershkovich, Whelan and Kurmasheva were Putin’s attempt to demonstrate the limits of American influence. They were meant as a signal that, in Russia, a U.S. passport becomes meaningless if it serves Putin to make it so.

Q: In recent years, the Russian government has seemingly worked to rehabilitate the reputations of figures like Josef Stalin, who infamously used the Soviet Gulag to stifle opposition and criticism. Is Putin's use of detentions as a political cudgel similar? DH: The show trials of the Stalinist era are frequently referenced. However, it should be stressed that those were largely intended for domestic consumption. They were used to justify the Communist elites' repression of fellow citizens by broadcasting "evidence" that enemies lurked within. 

 
The trials of Americans like Gershkovich and Brittney Griner [a professional basketball player detained on smuggling charges] were designed to show the world, not just Russians, that Putin's regime would not be cowed—even if the person being tried had fame and a powerful enterprise, like the Wall Street Journal or the WNBA, supporting them.

Q: The New York Times recently ran a piece on the Russian dissidents released, claiming "hopes are high [they] will breathe new life into a fragmented opposition force." What do you anticipate these political players' activism will look like in the coming years, especially in exile? DH: As in the Imperial and Soviet periods, Russian censorship prevents any news or opinions that are not the government's from coming to light. As Putin has dismantled political opposition in Russia and tightened his grip on any vestiges of civil society in the country, there is little hope that a powerful opposition movement can gain momentum without outside support.

 
This is where the Russian dissidents living abroad come in. They will ensure that a vision for another type of Russia is articulated.

 
At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, political exiles smuggled illegal newspapers and journals into the Russian empire to instill hope in their compatriots, to give them some indication that a nation beyond the autocracy was achievable. This, in my opinion, is the role that Russian dissidents living in exile must have today.

 
They must provide the vision. They must provide the hope.

 
While they cannot change the system on their own—they need a movement en masse—the dissidents abroad are needed to demonstrate that a nation without Putin and his repressive regime is possible. This is certainly not an easy venture, and it will require extraordinary sacrifices to be made a reality. However, it may be the Russian people's only hope.



Amid Detainees' Release, Putin Flaunts Power and Flouts Western Influence

Is Vladimir Putin right in claiming that Russia represents a conflicting set of cultural values from the Western ones? How much of what Putin does is steeped in his perception of this gulf separating Russia from the West, and the need to protect Russia from the latter? To discuss Putin's vision, we invite: author and Wall Street Journal columnist, Walter Russell Mead; chairman of the Centre for Liberal Ivan Krastev, historian Lynne Hartnett; and political scientists Seva Gunitsky.

Grappling with Putin's Russia | The Agenda

Russia’s Northern Window on Europe

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