Here’s what we know. While much of the media attention to Hurricane Katrina was focused on New Orleans—and not without reason, there was immense destruction and human suffering in the city—the story there was one of technological and infrastructural failure, like levee system breaches and overwhelmed pump systems. However, many of the places that took a direct hit from Katrina were rural and small-town communities along the Louisiana and Mississippi Gulf Coast, places like Buras, Louisiana, and Pearlington, Mississippi, communities with fewer than 2,000 residents. In general, rural and small-town areas have less infrastructure and government capacity than cities do, exacerbating social vulnerability in that respect. More broadly, if you think about the land loss crisis in coastal Louisiana, most of the communities on the frontline are rural and small-town places, in parishes like Plaquemines, Lafourche, and Terrebonne. Barrier islands and marshes that used to function as “speed bumps” for storms are increasingly disappearing. This makes these communities more vulnerable to storms, as evidenced recently by the tremendous damage wrought by Hurricane Ida in 2021.One of the cumulative results of all these storms is the current property insurance crisis in South Louisiana. Low and moderate income folks increasingly can’t keep up with the rising cost of living on the coast. Older fixed income people not being able to insure their homes and younger people not being able to afford insurance to secure a mortgage sets the stage for depopulation absent innovative interventions.

Hurricane Erin strengthened quickly because there was nothing to impede development, such as strong wind shear or enhanced Saharan dust. The ocean waters are warmer than normal, and this provided ample fuel for rapid intensification. It is becoming evident that rapid intensification is a common occurrence in Atlantic hurricane seasons, so, historically, this is unusual. However, in recent seasons, we've seen more storms rapidly intensify, so it is becoming less unusual with time.