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Merriam-Webster Adds New Words for Identity and Race

Merriam-Webster, publisher of language-related reference works, has announced new entries for words that address the complex ways individuals view themselves and others. The publisher has expanded the pronoun they to include this sense: "used to refer to a single person whose gender identity is nonbinary." It's an expansion of a use that is sometimes called the "singular they." Shauna M. MacDonald, PhD, associate professor and co-director of the Gender and Women’s Studies Program at Villanova, says, "On the one hand, Merriam-Webster's addition of the nonbinary use of they should come as no surprise—many English speakers have adopted this usage in recent years, and it is recommended by various groups and resources focused on inclusive language. Language, meaning and accepted use are all ever-changing." "On the other hand," Dr. MacDonald adds, "This shift is more important than it may seem to a casual reader or stickler for a mythical static sense of grammar. That’s because our language (and more broadly, our communication), creates the conditions for what is possible in our world. While none of us need the legitimation of a dictionary to agree upon the meanings of our communication, dictionaries have a legitimizing force, nonetheless. To have added this usage is akin to Merriam-Webster agreeing that (a) nonbinary folks exist and (b) they deserve to be called by their proper identity." Two additional entries added to the dictionary are: a new definition of inclusive, in the sense of "allowing and accommodating people who have historically been excluded" (because of their race, gender, sexuality or ability); and the word colorism, or prejudice or discrimination—especially within a racial or ethnic group—favoring people with lighter skin over those with darker skin.

College readiness: Why it’s time to turn the page on one-off developmental courses

With summer officially here, millions of recent high school graduates and adult learners alike are preparing for college this fall. Unfortunately, a large percentage of them need developmental courses in order to advance, and many of those students will drop out within their first year—victims of a college preparedness approach that is generally not working. While it is true that education provides one of the surest pathways to a better life, millions of individuals do not have the academic background, confidence, mindset, and study habits to succeed in postsecondary programs and achieve their career dreams. Underprepared students face serious hurdles when attempting to enroll in college, and often struggle with one or more of the following: Poor self-image, lack of confidence (and overconfidence), and undeveloped study skills Weak math skills and math phobia Poor writing/language skills Lack of preparation for rigorous reading of texts, analytical thinking, and problem-solving Despite the poor track record, an estimated $7 billion is spent annually on traditional remedial education by students and institutions. According to research, 68 percent of community college students and 40 percent of public four-year college students take at least one developmental course, and among them less than 10 percent of two-year students graduate within three years, and only 35 percent of four-year students graduate within six years. Solutions exist, according Pat Partridge, president of WGU Academy—an independent nonprofit entity established by Western Governors University (WGU) to help solve the growing college-readiness gap. He suggests that for college readiness to be effective, programs must incorporate noncognitive personal competencies. “The Academy’s approach is based on the premise that to make college-readiness effective we must address the whole person rather than just getting them through one-off math or English courses to satisfy admissions requirements. Our two-pronged approach to preparing students—focused on academic coursework and noncognitive personal skills—is challenging traditional thinking paradigms that are not working well. The program is designed to be transformative for students who need confidence and persistence, social and emotional learning skills, and customized support to position them for long-term academic and career success.” Studies show that students and families pay an extra $3,000 on skills and content they should have learned in high school—a hefty price for courses that typically offer no transferable credits. Partridge suggests that programs like Academy—which uses an online, competency-based learning model similar to WGU’s—can change that by offering a scalable, replicable solution. WGU Academy students pay $150 per month, and most enrollees should finish the program in three to four months, or even less—making it a low-cost, low-risk solution. And the courses are ACE (American Council on Education) recommended, which hundreds of colleges and universities recognize. “The challenge is far larger than WGU alone can tackle, which is why Academy is designed to help serve hundreds of thousands of individuals who are not likely to attend WGU” Partridge noted. “We look forward to working with other entities that share the same mission to help individuals succeed in college and their careers—both recent high school grads and adults—by boosting completion rates.” WGU Academy’s first partnership is with tnAchieves in support of Tennessee’s flagship scholarship program that allows any resident without a postsecondary certification to attend community college tuition-free. WGU Academy, which launched May 1, 2019, already has more than 600 enrolled students. To speak with Partridge, contact WGU Academy’s PR Business Partner, Matt Griffin, at matt.griffin@wgu.edu or (615) 472-6056.

Election 2018: Wake Forest University experts

From state constitutional amendments to immigration, Wake Forest faculty experts can comment on a variety of 2018 midterm election-related topics. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ John Dinan, professor of political science and international affairs North Carolina Politics State Constitutional Amendments Congressional Redistricting Author of the book, “State Constitutional Politics: Governing by Amendment in the American States,” Dinan is available to comment on amendments appearing on the 2018 ballot in North Carolina and in 28 other states. From voter ID to judicial vacancies, he can place particular amendments in nationwide and historical perspective. Based on his research, he can also address the arguments and issues that routinely surface in campaigns supporting and opposing various amendments. Dinan closely follows North Carolina political races and teaches courses on campaigns and elections, state politics and Congress and policymaking. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Allan Louden, professor of communication Political Campaigns and Advertising Political Debates Social Media and Politics From presidential debates to political advertising, Louden has provided expert commentary and analysis for a wide range of national and regional media outlets. He follows political advertising and candidates’ debates in presidential, Senate, gubernatorial and high-profile House races. Under Louden’s leadership, Wake Forest University’s debate team won the national debate tournament. He can comment on political advertising strategies and how social media, including viral videos, impacts races. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ John Llewellyn, associate professor of communication Political Speeches Political Scandals Public Apologies Llewellyn focuses on political speeches and rhetoric. He is a scholar of rhetoric whose work includes analyzing persuasive language from the nation’s most prominent politicians, coaches and civil rights leaders. A former speechwriter and public information officer, Llewellyn also specializes in crisis communication, having studied the intersection of politics and public relations for nearly 30 years. He can also comment on political scandals and public apologies. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Betina Wilkinson, associate professor of political science and international affairs Latina/o/x Voters Wilkinson can offer insights and commentary on Latino voters for the midterm elections. She is an expert on Latino political behavior in the U.S., studies Latinos in U.S. politics, national and local immigration policy, and racial attitudes among Latinos and other ethnic groups. She can discuss the demographics and election-related priorities of Latinos. Wilkinson authored a chapter “North Carolina Latinos: And Emerging Influential Electorate in the South” in the book “The Pivotal Role of the Latino Electorate in the 2012 Election.” She is also the author of “Partners or Rivals? Power and Latino, Black and White Relations in the 21st Century.” ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Katy Harriger, professor of politics and international affairs Young Voters Federal Special Prosecutor/Robert Mueller U.S. Supreme Court A leading national expert on the federal special prosecutor, Harriger can address the influence the Mueller investigation may have on the 2018 elections. She is the author of The Special Prosecutor in American Politics and is regularly interviewed by national media outlets on the use of federal special prosecutors in American government. Harriger also studies political participation and voting among young people (including college students) and is the co-author of “Speaking of Politics: Preparing College Students for Democratic Citizenship through Deliberative Dialogue.” She can provide expert commentary on the latest Supreme Court developments and how they will likely impact midterm elections. She co-authored the book “American Constitutional Law” published in 2017. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Michael Pisapia, assistant professor of politics and international affairs Gender and Politics Teacher Protests Political Parties and Education Reform Women Running for Congress Gender Equality and Constitutional Law Kavanaugh Hearings Pisapia studies American political development with a focus on women, gender and politics and can comment on tensions between liberal and conservative social groups and the unprecedented number of women who are engaged in political movements, and who are seeking elective office this year. He can also address partisan polarization around education policy, religious freedom and, sex and gender equality in constitutional law, including the significance of the Kavanaugh hearings in the context of the #metoo Movement. Pisapia is working on a book titled, “Educating a Nation: Women’s Empowerment and the Shape of American Federalism. He won the 2013 Carrie Chapman Catt Prize for scholarship on women and politics. He teaches courses on American politics and political thought. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Hana Brown, associate professor of sociology and Gale Faculty Fellow Immigration Brown studies the effects of immigration and racial divisions on policy outcomes and the micro-level effects of state actions on the lives of racial minorities and immigrants. Her research also focuses on the political origins and political consequences of social inequalities. She teaches courses on political sociology, social inequality, and race and ethnicity in politics. ___________________________________________________________________________________________